1、中考英语词类复习2010年新目标中考英语词类复习复习难点:十大词类的句法功能复习重点:十大词类的常考点复习方式:熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去向、强化训练I词法 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。 一、名词(n) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 (一)名词的分类 名词
2、分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the
3、Spring Festival,France,the United States) (二)名词的数(考点) 1可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种: (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。 egbookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。 egbeachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes(es读音为 (3)以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。egcityciti
4、es,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries(ies读音为iz) (注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。egboys,holidays,days) (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: 加estomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes hero-heroes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s,egZoozoos,radioradios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. pianopianos 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,egpho
5、to(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eszeroszeroes (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。 egwifewives,leaf leaves,halfhalves,knifeknives,thief-thieves(res读音为vz (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfsscarves) (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,egmanmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,Engli
6、shmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 egChinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors 另外,当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 egan apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl f
7、riends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 egtwo men teachers,three women doctors 可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils 2不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。(考点) (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread (2)表确定数量时,一般用“
8、数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:twothree+量词复数十of+不可数名词。 ega bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water 3有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。 eg: fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物foods各种食品;fish鱼fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙滩; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁an oran
9、ge橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸a paper试卷、论文;wood木头a wood小森林;room空间、余地a room房间 (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (难点) (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加s。 egMikes watch;Womens Day 以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加。 egteachers office,students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加s。 egTom and Mikes r
10、oom汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) 两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加s。 eg. Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 ega map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room (3)特殊形式 可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格 egthe boys name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字) the dogs legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿
11、) Chinas population=the population Of China(中国的人口) Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都) 双重所有格 ega fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片练 习一、写出下列词的复数 1.book_ 2.bus _ 3.orange _4.baby_ 5.boy_ 6.my _7.his_ 8.knife_ 9.watch_10.sheep _ 11. tooth _ 12. leaf _13.German_ 14.Chinese_二、选择正
12、确的答案( )1.Are those _?-No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cowC. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows( )2.Mum, Im quite thirsty. Please give me _.A. two orange B. two bottles of orangeC. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges( )3.I have got _ news from my friend. Do you want to know?A.
13、 a very good B. anyC. a piece of D. two pieces( )4._ room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and LilysC. Lucys and Lily D. Lucys and Lilys( )5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walkC. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk( )6.This is James Allan G
14、reen. We can call him _.A. Mr. Green B. Mr. AllanC. Mr. James D. James Green( )7.Jack and Tom are _.A. good friends B. good friendC. a good friend D. good a friend( )8.Its only about ten _ walk to the nearest post office.A. minutes B. minutes C. minutes D. minute( )9.He often has _ for breakfast.A.
15、two breads B. two piece of breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( )10.Mrs. Green has two _. Theyre very bright.A. childs B. child C. childrens D. children( )11.What did the headmaster say about Jims _.A. two months holiday B. two months holidayC. two-month holiday D. two months holida
16、ys( )12.I wont go there with you, for I have a lot of _ to do.A. works B. job C. work D. working( )13.Li Lei is a friend of _.A. I sister B. my sisters C. me sister D. my sister of( )14.Have you read _?A. todays B. today paperC. the todays paper D. todays paper( )15.How many _ are there in the room?
17、A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes( )16.Many _ have been built in our city since 1987.A. factorys B. factoriesC. factoryes D. factorys( )17.There are lots of _ in the basket on the table .A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss( )18.The cat caught two _ last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. m
18、ices( )19.Jack went to have two _ pulled out yesterday afternoon.A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes( )20.In our school there are fifty-five _.A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. womans teacher( )21.The three _ will be put into prison.A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs 二、
19、代词(pron)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 相互代词 each other,one another 指示代词 this,that,these,those 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another 复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything, n
20、othing 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose 直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句表语从句等。 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。 (二)代词的用法 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。 eg. She gavea red apple她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语) Kathyis near him凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语) 2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 形容
21、词性物主代词位于名词前:theirschool,his backpack 名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。 eIt isntmypenMine(=my pen) is missing(作主语) IleftmypenathomeYoucanusehers(=herpen),(作宾语) of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。 eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 (3)反身代词 反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。 egA few days later,I myself
22、had to go to Paris(作同位语) She bought herself a new bag(作动词宾语) Hes not worried about himself(作介词宾语) 带有反身代词的常用短语。 teach oneself自学 help oneself to随便吃些吧 say to oneself自言自语 learnby oneself自学 enjoy oneself过得愉快 leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 hurt oneself伤了自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服 come to oneself苏醒过来 (4)相互代词 表示相互关
23、系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。 egFor years,the two sisters looked after one another(each other)多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。 We should learn from each other 我们应当互相学习。 可以用格表示所有关系:each others, one anothers互相的,彼此的 egThey are looking at each others pictures他们相互看对方的照片。 (5)指示代词 指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。 Eg This is an apple tree,and
24、that is an orange tree这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。 These are my friends,and that is my sister这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。 指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情: eg.Steve had a bad coldThisThat was why he didnt come to school yesterday? 2不定代词的用法(考点,难点) (1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法 each每个各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。 egTwo girls came an
25、d l gave an apple to each来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。 Each of them has a nice ring她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。 every每个各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。 egEveryday is important to us每天对我们都很重要。 He has read every book(all the books) On the subject他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。 both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。 egHer parents are both doctors她父母都是医生。 Both of them
26、 are doctors他俩都是医生。 They both like potatoes他俩喜欢吃土豆。 all“全体大家一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。 egThats all for today今天到此为止。 All of us are from China我们都来自中国。 All the food is delicious所有的食物都很好吃。 either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。 egThe two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。 neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。
27、 eg. Neither Of the books isare so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。 no(=not anynot a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。 eg.I have no brothers Or sisters我没有兄弟姐妹. A clock has no mouth,but it can talk 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。 There is no fire without some smoke有火就有烟。 none“没有一个人物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名司。 eg.None Of them hashave been to Japan他
28、们都没去过日本。 I like none of the books这些书我全都不喜欢。 neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。 egI dont know all of you我不完全认识你们。 Not everyone Of us know how to go there不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。 (2)one,ones和no one的用法 one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。 eWould you pleas
29、e pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗? 一Which one?哪一本? 一The one on my shelf我书架上的那本。 No one has traveled farther than to the moon没有人旅行远过月球。 (3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法(考点,难点) many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。 egMany Of the students come from England那些学生许多是从英国来的。 Thanks,its too much
30、 for me谢谢,我承受不起。 few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多很少”(表否定)。 eg,There were few people in the street last night昨晚街上没什么人。 I am very worried that l have little time to finishthejob我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。 afew(+复数名词),alittle(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。 eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge我看到冰箱里
31、有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多” egThere are quite a few students over there那儿有相当多的学生。 some(+复数名词不可数名词),any(+复数名词不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。 egThere are some birds in the tree树上有些鸟。 There is some water in the bottle瓶里有些水。 I dont have any brothers Of sisters我没有 Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗? .some一般用
32、于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。 eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗? Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought)你怎么没买点糖果? .any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 egThere isnt any water left没有剩下一点水。 If you have any questions, put up your hands。please如果有问题,请举手。 :some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。 e
33、Ill catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。 Comeany day you like你哪天来都行。 Tom is taller than any other student in his class汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。 one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 1. onethe other 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个” eg. Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse 2. one another表
34、示不定数目中的“一个”与“另个”。 eg. I dont want this One, please give me another 3. one the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。 eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese4. some the others表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。 egSome students are reading,the others are drawing pictures others=other+名
35、词;theotherstheOther+名词。 egSome students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home another表示“再又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。 eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。 (4)复合不定代词的用法 复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 egSomeone is knocking at the door有人在敲门 修饰复合不定代词的形容词或
36、其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。 egThere is something important On todaysnewspaper今天的报纸有些重要新闻。 复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语: egSomethingiswrong(变为否定句) Something isnt wrong.(错误) Nothing is wrong(正确) Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。 egThere is something new in the park公园里有些新的景点。 Do you ha
37、ve anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗? 当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。 egIs someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗? Anyone can make mistakes 任何人都可能犯错误。 3疑问代词的用法。 (1)whowhom 谁(指人) 作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him? 作宾语 egWhoWhom are you waiting for?(作介
38、词for的宾语) eg.WhoWhom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语) 作表语 egWhoWhom are they? (2)whose谁的 作定语 eg Whose pen is this? 作表语 eg Whose is this pen? (3)which哪一个,哪一些 作定语 egWhich girl is Kathy? 作表语 eg Which is the boys ball? (4)what什么 作主主语 eg Whats on the table? 作宾语 eg. What are you doing? 作表语 eg What is he? 作定
39、语 eg What class are you in? 4关系代词的用法 关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另方面又在从句中充当一个成分。 eg?This is the man who gave me the book 这就是给我书的那个人。 The money thatwhich is on the table is mine 桌上的钱是我的。The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。练 习( )1._office is much smaller than _.A. O
40、urs ; yours B. Our ; yoursC. Theirs ; our( )2. “Help_ to some meat.”my uncle said to me .A. themselves B. yourself C. yourselves( )3. There are twenty teachers in our school. Eight of them are men teachers and _ are women teachers.A. others B. the others C. another( )4.There isnt _ paper in the box.
41、 Will you go and get _ for me ?A. any ; some B. any ; any C. some ; any( )5.There are many trees on _ sides of the street.A. both B. all C. each( )6._ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in it.A. Each ; every B. Every; each C. Every; every( )7. “When shall we meet, this afte
42、rnoon or tonight?”“I dont mind. _ time is OK.A. Either B. Every C. Neither( )8.Would you like _ cup of tea?A. other B. the other C. another( )9.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forgot _.A. other everything B. anything elseC. everything else.( )10._ of his parents is a teacher.A. Both B. Neither C. None( )11.The river is very dirty. _ people go to swim in it.