1、Unit 10 Youre supposed to shake hands.(I)一、知识概述1学习和掌握本单元出现的生单词、词组和句型。2学习和掌握be supposed to do sth.与be expected to do sth.的固定句型用法。3学习和掌握It +be+adj.+to do sth.的固定句型用法。二、单元重难点解析1Youre supposed to shake hands.你应该握手。be supposed to do sth.表示“应该做某事”,相当于should/ought to do sth,也可以用be expected to do sth.来进行替换。
2、e.g.Youre supposed tomake noise while eating noodles.=Youre expected tomake noise while eating noodles.吃面条的时候你应该吃出声音。(1)当be supposed to的主语是“人”时,意为“应该,被期望”,它可以用来表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等,相当于情态动词should。e.g.Youre supposed toask the teacher if you want to leave the classroom.如果你要离开教室的话,应该先问问老师。(2)当be supposed to的主
3、语是“物”时,意为“本应,本该”,用于表示某事本应该发生而没有发生。e.g.The meetingis supposed totake place on Tuesday, but we have to put it off.这次会议本应该在星期二举行,但我们不得不把它推迟了。(3)was/were supposed to do sth. 相当于should have done sth.,表示“(过去)本应该做某事而实际上并没有做”。e.g.Youwere supposed toarrive here at 6:00.你本应该6点钟到这儿。(4)be supposed to还可用于表示“被认为,
4、被相信是”。e.g.Theyare supposed tobe very clever.它们被认为很聪明。This houseis supposed tobe his.这所房子被认为是他的。(5)be supposed to的否定结构为be not supposed to,它常用于口语中,意为 “不被许可,不应当”。e.g.Youare not supposed todo that.你不应该做那件事。2In the United States, theyre expected to shake hands.在美国,他们应该握手。(1)be expected to do sth. 意为“(某人)
5、被期望做某事;应该做某事”,此处相当于be supposed to do sth.。e.g.Youre expected toget good grades this term.本学期你应该取得好成绩。(2)expect及物动词,意为“期望;预料;期待”,后可接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。其结构有:expect to do sth. 期待做某事expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事e.g.Iexpecta letter from my family.我期待一封家书。Sheexpectstocome back next week.她预计下个星期回来。Iexpectyouto
6、do your duty.我期望你能尽职尽责。IexpectthatIll be back on Sunday.我预计星期天回来。3So I just stood there with my hand out.所以我只是伸着手站在那里。with my hand out 是“with +宾语+宾语补足语”结构。宾语补足语的形式有现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或名词,在句中做伴随状语。e.g.He is sleeping in the bedroomwith the windows open.他在卧室里开着窗户睡觉。宾语补足语的概念:对句中的宾语进一步补充、解释、说明,使意思更加完整、正确,这种
7、成分就是宾语补足语。做宾语补足语的一般有:名词、形容词、介词或介词短语、副词、现在分词或短语、过去分词、动词不定式等。e.g.We all made himour monitor.我们都选他当班长。You must keep the classroomclean and tidyevery day.你们必须每天保持教室的干净和整齐。You shouldnt leave herby herself.你不应该把她一个人留下。Let himinfirst.让他先进去吧。I saw himplaying in the next roomjust now.我刚才看见他在隔壁房玩。I had my bik
8、erepairedthis morning.今天早晨我让人修理了自行车。You can ask your teacherto help you with your English.你可以请老师帮助你学习英语啊。4I held out my hand and to my surprise, she kissed me on both sides of my face!我伸出手(想要握手),可让我吃惊的是,她居然亲吻了我的双颊!(1)to ones surprise意为“使/让某人吃惊的是”。其中surprise用作名词,意为“惊奇;诧异”。e.g.To my surprise, she got
9、full marks in the English exam.使我吃惊的是,她在英语考试中得了满分。I havea surprisefor you.我要告诉你一件你意想不到的事。拓展: in surprise 惊奇地e.g.Rose looked at her motherin surprise.罗丝惊奇地看着她母亲。 be surprised at 对感到吃惊e.g.Weare very surprised atthe news.听到这个消息,我们非常吃惊。 be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶e.g.Iwas surprised tosee you here.在
10、这里见到你我很惊讶。(2)both此处用作限定词,意为“两个;双方;两者都”,其后接复数名词。其反义词neither意为“两者都不”。e.g.Bothgirls are from America.两个女孩都来自美国。拓展:both的其他用法: both用作代词时,常用于“both of+ 代词”或“both of+ the/其他限定词+名词复数”结构中。e.g.Both of themare good at playing basketball.他们两个都擅长打篮球。 both在句中作同位语时,通常置于be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前。e.g.They arebothtoo you
11、ng.他们两个都太年轻了。Webothlike swimming.我们两个都喜欢游泳。5Later I found out French people are supposed to kiss when they see each other.后来我发现法国人见面时应该亲吻对方。find out意为“查明,找出”,其后一般接that,what,when或how引导的从句,也可以接名词,后跟about则表示“想办法找出”的意思。e.g.Pleasefind outwhen the train leaves.请查一下火车什么时候离开。You shouldfind outabout the news
12、.你应当想办法查明那个消息。辨析:find out, look for与find(1)find out意为“发现;找出;查明”,多指通过观察、探索而发现事实的真相,通过调查找出原因,或发现秘密,找出错误等,通常含有“经过困难曲折”之意。(2)look for意为“寻找”,是有目的地找,强调“寻找”这一动作。(3)find意为“找到;发现”,通常指找到或发现具体的东西,也可指偶然发现某物或某种情况,强调“找”的结果。e.g.We mustfind outthe truth of the matter.我们必须查明事情真相。I cantfindmy pen. Imlooking forit eve
13、rywhere.我找不到我的钢笔了,我正在到处找6Where Im from, were pretty relaxed about time.在我们那个地方,我们的时间观念比较随意。(1)本句中where Im from是地点状语从句,where为引导词,表示“在地方”。 where引导地点状语从句,说明主句行为发生的地点。e.g.Just staywhere you are.就留在你原来的地方。Where theres a will, theres a way.有志者事竟成。(2)relaxed为形容词,意为“放松的,自在的”,此处作表语。be relaxed about意为“对感到放松/随
14、意”。e.g.Listening to music makes us feelrelaxed.听音乐使我们感到放松。Dont be afraid. Just berelaxedabout the interview.不要害怕,轻松面试。You just need to berelaxedabout this examination.你只要放松地面对考试就可以了。注意: relaxed表示“放松的,感到放松的”,常作表语,主语通常是人。 relaxing表示“令人放松的”,可作表语或定语,常用来修饰物。e.g.I feel reallyrelaxedafter therelaxingvacati
15、on.经过这次令人放松的假期,我感到非常轻松。7We dont like to rush around, so we dont mind if people are a little late sometimes.我们不喜欢匆匆忙忙的,所以有时如果人们晚一会儿,我们也不介意。辨析:a little 与a bit 两者都作“有点儿,一点儿”讲,都可修饰形容词、副词的原级或比较级,都可作主语或宾语。e.g.He isa little/a bitolder than you.他年龄比你稍大一点儿。Please give mea little/a bit.请给我一点儿吧。 a little可直接接名词
16、;a bit必须加of后才能接名词。a little money = a bit of money 一点儿钱 not a little意为“很,非常”,相当于very/very much。e.g.He isnot a little fat.=He isvery fat.他非常胖。 not a bit意为“根本不,一点儿也不”,相当于not at all。e.g.He isnot a bit angry.=He isnot angry at all.他一点儿也不生气。8We value the time we spend with our family and friends in our ev
17、eryday lives.我们珍惜在我们的日常生活中与家人、朋友一起共度的时光。(1)value此处用作及物动词,意为“重视;珍视”。e.g.Ivaluefriendshipvery highly.我非常珍惜友情。Ive alwaysvaluedmy teachers advice.我一直很重视老师们所给的建议。拓展:value用作名词,意为“价值”,其形容词形式为valuable,意为“贵重的,重要的;有益的,有用的”。e.g.Such a magazine has littlevalueexcept when you have time to kill.像这样的杂志除了消磨时间以外并没有什
18、么价值。(2)spend time with sb. 意为“和某人一起度过时光”,spend此处意为“度过”。e.g.He usuallyspendstimewithhis childrenon weekends.在周末他通常和他的孩子们一起度过时光。How did youspendyour summer vacation?你是如何度过暑假的?9We often just drop by our friends homes if we have time.如果有时间,我们经常顺便到朋友的家里。drop by意为“顺便拜访”,后可接表示地点的名词,也可接表示人的名词。drop in on sb.
19、 意为“顺便访问某人”。e.g.I justdropped by you.我只是顺便来看看你。Drop by my homethis evening.今晚到我家来谈谈。Would youdrop in on usthis evening for a chat?你今晚过来和我们聊聊好吗?10So I make an effort to be on time when I meet my friends.所以当我与朋友见面时,我努力做到守时。effort为名词,意为“努力;尽力”。make an effort to do sth. 意为“努力做某事”。e.g.All theireffortswer
20、e in vain.他们的努力全都白费了。P1easemake an effort tofinish it on time.请努力按时完成。I willmake an effort tostop smoking.我要尽力戒烟。You shouldmake an effort toimprove your reading ability.你应该努力提高你的阅读能力。拓展:有关effort的常用短语:make every effort to do sth. 努力做某事spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事beyond effort 力所不能及in a common
21、effort 共同努力without effort 毫不费力地,轻松地11I always leave the house early to avoid heavy traffic because I think its impolite to keep others waiting.我总是早早离开家以避免交通拥挤,因为我认为让别人等待是不礼貌的。(1)avoid及物动词,意为“避免;逃避”,指在做某事之前有意避开,其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。e.g.Fortunately, he was able toavoid an accident.幸运的是,他避开了一场事故。I tri
22、ed toavoid meetingher because she always bored me.我尽量避免遇到她,因为她总是使我厌烦。(2)impolite形容词,意为“无礼的”,它是由形容词polite加前缀im-构成的。e.g.Itsimpoliteto laugh at others.嘲笑别人是不礼貌的。助记:po1ite (adj. 有礼貌的) +lypo1itely (adv. 有礼貌地)反义词反义词impolite (adj. 无礼的) +1yimpolitely (adv. 无礼地)keep sb. doing sth. 意为“让/使某人一直做某事”。e.g.The boss
23、keptthe workersworkingfor ten hours a day.老板让工人们一天工作10个小时。12Also, we never visit a friends house without calling first.而且,我们也从不事先未打电话就登门拜访朋友。never为副词,意为“从不;从来没有”,表示否定意义。当陈述句中含有never时,其反意疑问句中的附加问句要用肯定式。e.g.He hasneverbeen to America, has he?他从未去过美国,是吧?注意:表示否定意义的词还有hardly“几乎不”;fewlittle“很少,几乎没有”;seldo
24、m“不常,很少”等。e.g.Fewstudents can work out the difficult math problem.几乎没有学生能算出这道数学难题。without为介词,意为“没有,无”,其反义词为with,其后常接名词、代词或动词-ing形式表示伴随情况或条件,在句中作状语。e.g.Jim went to schoolwithouthaving breakfast this morning.吉姆今天早晨没吃早饭就去上学了。另外还要注意,这个句子为双重否定句。never和without都表示否定,合在一起表达肯定意义,“一定会”。e.g.You willhardlyever b
25、e able to speak good Englishwithoutpracticing.你不练习几乎是不可能把英语学好的。 Unit 10 Youre supposed to shake hands.(II) 一、知识概述1学习和掌握本单元出现的生单词、词组和句型。2学习和掌握be supposed to do sth.与be expected to do sth.的固定句型用法。3学习和掌握It +be+adj.+to do sth.的固定句型用法。二、单元重难点解析1In China, youre not supposed to stick your chopsticks into t
26、he food.在中国,你不应该把筷子插入食物中。(1)stickinto/in意为“把插入”。e.g.Dontstickyour forkintoyour food.别把叉子插入食物中。(2)chopstick为名词,意为“筷子”,常用复数形式。e.g.We usually eat noodles withchopsticks.我们通常用筷子吃面条。英语中常见的以复数形式出现的名词有:noodles(面条),dumplings(饺子),trousers(裤子),pants(长裤),shorts(短裤),gloves(手套),shoes(鞋子),socks(袜子),glasses(眼镜)等。2
27、In China, its impolite to use your chopsticks to hit an empty bowl.在中国,用筷子敲空碗是不礼貌的。empty此处用作形容词,意为“空的;空洞的”。其反义词为full(满的)。e.g.The bottle isempty.这个瓶子是空的。This is anemptybox.这是一个空盒子。拓展:empty用作及物动词,意为“排空,倒空”。其反义词为full(装满,填满)。e.g.Just now heemptiedthe bottle.刚才他把瓶子倒空了。3I was a bit nervous before I arrive
28、d here, but there was no reason to be.我在到这里之前有点儿紧张,但那是没理由的。e.g.There was/is no reason to do sth. 意为“没有理由做某事”。e.g.There is no reason tobe late.没有理由迟到。拓展:have no reason to do sth. 意为“没有理由做某事”。e.g.Youhave no reason tosay so.你没有理由这么说。4They go out of their way to make me feel at home.他们尽力使我感到宾至如归。(1)go o
29、ut of ones way意为“特地;格外努力”。e.g.Theywent out of their wayto help her.他们竭力帮助她。Hewent out of his wayto teach me to learn English well.他尽力教我学好英语。(2)makefeel at home意为“使(某人)感到宾至如归”。e.g.His kindnessmakes me feel at home.他的仁慈使我感到宾至如归。拓展:make sth. for sb.= make sb.sth. 意为“为某人制作某物”。e.g.Shemade a dress for me.
30、=Shemade me a dress.她给我做了一件连衣裙。5So she actually learned how to make Chinese food!所以她竟然学习如何做中国菜!how to make Chinese food为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构,在句中作learn的宾语。e.g.I want to learnhow to make dumplings.我想学习如何包饺子。拓展:动词不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用时,常作tell,show,know,1earn,teach,explain,decide等的宾语,构成“疑问词+动
31、词不定式”结构,可转换成宾语从句。e.g.He didnt knowwhat to say.=He didnt knowwhat he should say.他不知道该说什么。6Another example is that youre not supposed to eat anything with your hands except bread, not even fruit.另一个例子是除了面包外,你不应该用手拿着任何东西吃,甚至水果也不行。except为介词,意为“除之外”,其后可接名词、代词、从句等,表示把某人或某物从某一范围内排除出去,即不包含在内。e.g.They all we
32、nt to the museum last Sundayexcepthim.除了他以外,上周日他们都去博物馆了。We go there every dayexceptSunday.除了星期天,我们每天都去那儿。(星期天不去那儿)辨析:besides和exceptbesides常用于表示“除了之外(还有)”的含义,而except的意思常与之相反,即“除了”,是“减去,不再有”。e.g.There were three more visitorsbesidesme.除我之外,还有三位访客。(即我也是“访客”)EverybodyexceptJohn was able to answer the qu
33、estion.除了约翰之外,大家都能回答这个问题。试比较下面这组句子:7I have to say that I find it difficult to remember everything, but Im gradually getting used to it.我不得不说,我发现记住所有的事情是困难的,但是我正在逐渐习惯这些事情。(1)“find it + adj. + to do sth.”意为“发现做某事是的”。find后接复合宾语,其中it此处作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式to do sth,形容词在句中作宾语补足语。e.g.Ifind it very interest
34、ing tolearn English.我发现学英语很有趣。Ifound it hard towork with him.我发现和他一起工作很难。get used to相当于be used to,意为“习惯于”,其中to为介词,其后可接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。e.g.Shegets/is used togettingup early.她习惯于早起。8Let me give you some suggestions and advice about Chinese customs.让我给你一些关于中国风俗的建议和意见。(1)let sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”。e.g.Let
35、mehelpthem.让我帮他们吧。(2)suggestion此处用作可数名词,意为“建议”。其动词形式为suggest,意为“建议”。e.g.I havea suggestionto make.我有个建议要提。I went there at/on yoursuggestion.我是根据你的建议到那里去的。(3)advice不可数名词,意为“建议;意见”。表示“一条建议”应用a piece of advice,而不能说an advice。其常用短语还有:ask for sb.s advice 向某人征求建议give sb. some advice on 在方面给某人提出一些建议accept/f
36、ollow/take sb.s advice 接受某人的建议9In many countries, it is impolite to show up at someones house for the first time with empty hands.在许多国家,第一次拜访别人家空着手是不礼貌的。show up意为“出席;露面”,相当于appear。e.g.We waited for him for a long time, but he didntshow up.我们等了他很长时间,但他没有露面。拓展:有关show的常见短语:show off 炫耀,卖弄show sb. around
37、 带领某人参观on show 展出,展览10It+ be +adj.+ to do sth.句型(1)It + be +adj. +to do sth. 意为“做某事是的”,it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式(短语)。因动词不定式(短语)作主语较长,而谓语部分相对较短,用it代替后就避免了“头重脚轻”的现象。e.g.I thinkits important tosleep eight hours a night.我认为每晚睡8个小时很重要。When we see each other,its polite for boys toshake hands and for girls to
38、 kiss each other on the side of the face.当我们见到对方时,男孩们握手,女孩们互相亲吻脸的一侧是有礼貌的。In Switzerland,its very important tobe on time.在瑞士,守时是非常重要的。I always leave the house early to avoid heavy traffic because I thinkits impolite tokeep others waiting.我总是早早离开家以避免交通拥挤,因为我认为让别人等待是不礼貌的。(2)表示“(对某人来说)做某事是的”,用句型It +be +
39、 adj. +for/of sb. +to do sth.,其中sb.为动词不定式to do sth. 的逻辑主语。二者的具体用法为: It +be +adj. +for sb. +to do sth. 此句型中的形容词为描述事物特征的词,如difficult,important,easy,hard,necessary,possible,dangerous,impossible等,是说明动词不定式的。 It +be +adj.+ of sb. +to do sth. 此句型中的形容词为描述人物品质及性格特征的词,如clever,foolish,good,kind,nice,polite等,用来说明of后的sb。e.g.Its hard for me toanswer your question.对我来说回答你的问题很难。It was foolish of him togo alone.他单独去太傻了。