1、Unit 1 How can we become good learners?语法一.介词by的用法1.by意为“通过”，其后常接名词或动词-ing形式。用来表示“以、通过、用（某种方法或手段）”而达到某种预期的目的，常用来回答how引导的特殊疑问句。by doing sth意为“通过做某事”How does the boy improve his spoken English?By talking with a foreigner. (1)How do you learn English so well? chatting with my uncle in America online.A.
2、 By B. With C. In D.And(2)Jackson studied Chinese by _ tapes.A. listening B. to listen C. listening to D. to listening to 2.by+时间，意为“不迟于，在之前”I have to go to bed by ten oclock.3.by+地点，意为“在旁”Jim sat down by the window.4.by+交通工具，意为“乘”I go to school by bike.5.由by构成的固定短语：by the way顺便说一下 by oneself独自=alon
3、e二.现在完成时的用法(一)用法:1.表示过去发生的某一动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果.常用的标志词有already(“已经”,用于肯定句),yet(“还,已经”，用于否定句和疑问句),ever（“曾经”）,never（“绝不，从不”）,just（“刚刚”）,before（“以前”）,once（“一次”）,twice（“两次”）.I have already eaten the dinner.（说明我现在饱了）。I have already seen the film.(1)You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. mee
4、t B. will meet C. have met (2)Hi,guys.Where are you heading(向行进) now? Home.We all our money,so we have to walk home now.A. spend B.spent C. have spent D.are spending(3)Have you ever seen him _?A. ago B. two days ago C. before D. just now2.表示过去发生的某一动作或状态，一直持续到现在。经常与时间状语for+时间段,since+时间点或一般过去时从句, 如：fo
5、r five minutes（5分钟）since 1985（自从1985年一直到现在）.since he was five years old（自从他是五岁的时候一直到现在）现在完成时的标志语还有so far“到目前为止”注意：此时谓语动词要用延续性动词，若是非延续性动词要变成延续性动词。leave-be away borrow-keep buy-have begin-be on die-be deadjoin-be a member of go/come-be in open-be open become-beI have waited for you for three hours.我一直
6、等你等了三个小时。He has been away for a month.他已经离开一个月了。（has been away不能用has left）Her brother has been a member of army for three years.（has been a member of army不能用has joined army）Han Mei has kept the book since last week.（has kept不能用has borrowed）(1)I my hometown for a long time.I really miss it.A. left B.
7、went away from C. have left D.have been away from(2)How do you like your English teacher?He is great.We all love him.We friends since three years ago.A. were B.have made C. have been D.have become(3)Anna,you Chinese is good. have you been in China?Since I was ten.A.How long B.How far C. How often D.
8、How soon(4)Has the movie begun? Yes, it _ for five minutes.A. has begun B. began C. has been on(二)现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句的构成1.现在完成时的肯定句的构成是:主语+have/has+动词过去分词+其他. (have用于各种人称,has用于第三人称单数)He has already posted the letter.(他已经寄了那封信)2.现在完成时的否定句的构成是:主语+have/has+not+动词过去分词+其他.He hasnt posted the letter yet.他还没
9、有寄那封信（注意：否定句中要把already变成yet） 3.现在完成时的一般疑问句的构成是:Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他. 肯定回答是Yes，主语+have/has 否定回答是No，主语+havent/hasntHas he posted the letter yet? Yes,he has/No,he hasnt(三)have/has gone to 与have/has been to 的区别1.have/has gone to 意为“已经去地方了（还没回来，不在说话人所在的地方）”Where is Li Lei? He has gone to school.2.have/h
10、as been to 意为“曾经去过地方（已回来）Where have you been? I have been to the library.(1)She isnt at the cinema now because she the library.A.has been to B.have been to C.has gone to D.have gone to(2)I think the man over there must be Bob.It be him.He has to Australia.A. cant;gone B.cant;been C. may not;been D.m
11、ustnt;gone(3)Have you ever been to Canada?Yes,I there last year with my parents.A. have been B.have gone C. went D.go(4) Where is Jhon? He _ the supermarket.A. has gone to B. has been to C. has goneSection A1.ask for sth 索要某物 ask sb for sth“向某人索要某物” He asked his mother for some money.(1)He always as
12、ks me advice whatever he does.A. for B. on C. of(2)She wrote to her friend and information about computer programming.A. asked for B. went for C. cared for D.paid for2.the way to do sth=the way of doing sth.“做某事的方法”3.区分watch,see,read和look(1)watch强调看正在运动或变化的事物。多指看电视、录像、比赛、表演等。 (2)see用于看电影，We saw a wo
13、nderful film yesterday.另外see侧重于结果，指“看见，看到” Can you see the bird in the tree?(3)read意为“看”时，指“阅读；朗读”，后面接书、报纸、杂志等。He likes reading storybooks.(4) look 强调“看”的过程，后面接宾语，则用look at. Look at the blackboard,please. Look! The boy is watching the football game.His father is seeing a film,and his mother is readi
14、ng a newspaper.(1)Jim has many books.He likes them very much.A.reading B.seeing C.looking D.watching(2) ! Yao Ming is in the basketball game.Lets it.A.Look;look B.Watch;watch C.Look;watch D.Watch;look4.have conversations with sb.“和某人交谈” He had conversations with his son yesterday.5. What about? =How
15、 about?意为“怎么样”或“好不好？”接代词宾格或动词-ing。 I think this is a good idea.What about you? What about visiting the East Lake?We dont have much homework this weekend.Can we go out together?OK.What about a movie?A. to see B.seeing C. see D. sees6.aloud“大声地，出声地” read aloud 朗读loudly“大声地，吵闹地”，强调声音喧闹，不悦耳。The boys are
16、 talking_ in the class and it makes the teacher unhappy.A. aloud B. loudly C. louder D. loud7.在英语中,可以用动词不定式形式表示目的. 译为“为了”。We have to study hard to find a good job.(1) to school on time,I need to get up at 6:00 am.A.Gets B.Getting C.To get D.get (2)How kind you are! You always do what you can others.
17、 A.help B.helping C.helps D.to help8. practice doing sth.“练习做某事” We should practice English as much as possible. A.speak B.speaking C. to speak D.speak in9. that way=in that way用那种方法 this way=in this way用这种方法 Finally I found my uncle that way.10. It + is+形容词+（for/of sb） to do sth.意为“做某事对于某人来说是的”在此句型
18、中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是to do sth。 当形容词是描述人的性格、品质的词如kind,nice,clever,foolish时用of sb，其他大多都用for sb.It was very difficult for me to finish the work on time. Its kind of you to tell me that.Its polite for students hello to teachers.A.to say B.saying C.says D.say11. a little =a bit =a little bit=kind of意为“一点儿；少许
19、”都可以用来修饰形容词/副词。a little bit quiet.此外，a little还可以直接修饰不可数名词，而a bit须和of连用才可以修饰不可数名词。The weather here is a little bit hot. a little water=a bit of water一点儿水What is your new friend like? She is shy.A. a bit of B. a lot of C. a little bit D. a kind of 12.Why dont you do sth?或Why not do sth?意为“你为什么不做某事呢？”W
20、hy dont you buy your mother some flowers?=Why not buy your mother some flowers?13.finish doing sth“完成做某事” Have you finished cooking? Why not your teacher for help when you cant finish the story by yourself. A.to ask;write B.to ask;writing C.ask;writing D.asking;to write.14.常见的系动词可简记为:一是be (am, is ,a
21、re ,was ,were,)二是感觉feel ，三是保持keep，stay,四是变become,get,turn，五是起来taste尝起来 ,smell 闻起来, look看起来, sound听起来，feel摸起来 后跟形容词作表语。(1)I feel to see that my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.A.proud B.angry C.upset D.lonely(2)The cookies good. Could I have some more?A. taste B. smell C. feel D. sound(3
22、)What is the matter with you? You so sad.A.look B.seem to have C.look like D.seem like15.祈使句的用法：祈使句表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等意思。(1)肯定的祈使句：以动词原形开头，动词原形前可以加Please,please也可放在句末。Come and have fun.(2)否定的祈使句：“Dont+动词原形+其他”Dont smoke here!(1)_ late. Its your first day to work. A. Dont to beB. Dont be C. Dont D. No
23、(2) draw on the wall.A. Not B. No C. Doesnt D. Dont16.祈使句在表示禁止时，可与含有mustnt的句子互换Dont smoke here.=You mustnt smoke here.17.记住两个表示“首先”的词：at first,first of all(1)at first的意思是“起初，开始”，暗示后来的情况有所变化。其反义词组是at last意为“最后，终于”At first I didnt want to go,but I soon changed my mind.(2)first of all的意思是“首先，第一”，相当于 fi
24、rst，表示顺序，是时间上或一系列行为动作的开始，后面往往接next,then等。 First of all,open the windows,then turn off the gas,and if necessary,call an ambulance(救护车).(1)If we want to work for our country in the future, we should have strong body and rich knowledge.A.at first B.first of all C.for the first time D.after all(2) ,the
25、Internet was only used by the government.But now its widely used in every field. A.As usual B.At first C.After all D.So far.18.try to do sth“试图做某事，尽力做某事” She tried to carry the basket.19.be patient with sb.“对某人有耐心” You should learn how to be patient.20.“the+比较级+主语+谓语，the+比较级+主语+谓语”意为“越，就越”The busier
26、 she is ,the happier she feels.The more you smile,the you will feel.A.happy B.happier C.happily D.more happily21.find+it+形容词+(for sb) to do sth意为“发现做某事对某人来说什么样的”it是形式宾语，to do sth是真正的宾语I found it very difficult to learn how to drive.(1)We find necessary to protect the earth.A.it B. this C. that D. wh
27、at (2)My pen pal found it difficult Chinese well. A.learning B.learn C.to learn D.learned22.the secret to的秘诀。 the answer to the question问题的答案 the key to the bike自行车钥匙23.sothat“如此以致于”so意为“如此”，后接形容词或副词，that意为“以致于”，后接句子。sothat常和 notenough to及tooto进行同义句转换He is too young to go to school.=He isnt old enou
28、gh to go to school.=He is so young that he cant go to school.(1)The problem is too difficult for me to work out.(改为同义句)The problem isnt for me to work out.(2)She was angry she walked out and closed the door heavily. A.so;that B.too;and C.very;that D.such;that24.(1)be afraid to do sth=be afraid of do
29、ing sth.意为“害怕做某事”(2)be afraid of sth意为“害怕某物” She is afraid of the dog.(1)Im afraid out at night alone.A. go B. going C. to go D. goes(2)The student is _ see the teacher because he_ a mistake.A. afraid of; has B. afraid to; has made C. afraid to; make D. afraid of; made 25.区分because of和because(1)beca
30、use of其后不接句子。We didnt go fishing yesterday because of the heavy rain.(2)because其后接句子.He is late for shool because he gets up late (1)Liu Xiang had to give up the race his foot.A. because of B. because C. though D.even if(2) Mary didnt get to the party yesterday_ she didnt feel well.A. if B. because
31、C. but D. until26.过去分词短语可作后置定语，意为“被的”。 The novels written by Lu Xun are very educational. a boy called/named Li Lei 一个被称作李雷的男孩27.fall in love with意为“爱上（某人或某物）” They fell in love with each other after working together for many years.28.区分exciting和excited (1)exciting意为“令人兴奋的”，修饰物。 He told me the excit
32、ing news. The story is exciting. (2)excited意为“感到兴奋的”，修饰人。 What are you so excited about? Everyone looked very excited.29.begin to do sth=begin doing sth.意为“开始做某事” She began to cry.30.区分the other,another和other(1)the other 指“两者中的另一个”，接可数名词单数。常用短语：onethe other意为两者中“一个另一个”I have two pencils,one is short
33、,the other is long.(2)another泛指三者或三者以上中的另一个，后接单数可数名词。The shirt is too small for me.Show me another one,please. (3)other意为“其他的”，后接可数名词复数。other students其他的学生 (4)someothers意为泛指 “一些另一些”Some people believe it ,others not.注意：others=other +名词复数 (1)He has two sisters. One is a doctor and _is a teacher.A. an
34、other B. other C. the other D. One(2)Would you like to have cake?No,thanks.Ive had two.Thats enough.A.other B.others C.another D.the other31.although=though引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”在一个句子中，although/though“虽然”和but“但是”不能同时连用，即用了although/though就不能用but，用了but，就不能用although/thoughAlthough/Though he is poor,he is v
35、ery happy.(1) many children like KFC.I think theyd better try not to eat it too often.A.Because B.When C.Although D.If(2)_he is ill,_he goes to school. A. Although, but B. /, / C. Although, / D. But, although (3)The boy can speak both English and Japanese he is only ten. Wow,what a clever boy! A.if
36、B.because C.although D.but32.help的用法(1)help sb do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”I can help you learn English.(2)help sb to do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事” I can help you to learn English.(3)help sb with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事” I can help you with (learning) English.Our teacher always helps us _ our English.A. for B. into C. to D. with
37、33.区分invent 和discover(1)invent指客观上不存在的东西后来被人发明 (2)discover意为“发现，找到”，指发现或找到某种自然界本来已存在，但以前未被人发现或认识的事物。Edison invented the electric light.Columbus discovered America on the 12th of October, 1492.(1)We all know who the telephone.A.find B.found C.discovered D.invented(2)Gilbert(吉尔伯特) electricity and Edis
38、on the electric light bulb.A.discovered;invented B.discovered;discovered C.invented;invented D.invented;discovered34.形容词修饰不定代词的语序是：不定代词+形容词。something interesting一些有趣的东西My host family tried to cook for me when I studied in New Zealand.A.different something B.different anything C.something different D
39、.anything different35. want“想要”= would like后面接三种形式(1)want sth“想要某物” They want good jobs.(2)want to do sth“想要做某事” I want to go to Hangzhou for my holiday.(3)want sb to do sth.“想要某人做某事” He wants me to go shopping with him.(1)I want them _（stay）for dinner with us.(2)They want some green tea.（同义句）They _
40、 _ _ green tea. (3)My brother want_ a friend of _. A. to see, him B. seeing, him C. to see, his D. seeing, his36. look up (在字典,参考书中)查阅;查找.代词必须放在中间 I dont know the word.Lets look it up in the dictionary.37.so that引导目的状语从句，意为“为了，以便” Please turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. You have to l
41、eave now you can catch the early bus. A.so that B.as soon as C.because. D.sothat38.take notes.意为“做笔记”。 Youd better take notes in class.39.memorize意为“记住；记忆”，相当于remember，名词形式是memory意为“记忆，记忆力” She memorized the number of the car.40.How often“多久一次”，对频率副词（often,always,every day,twice a week）提问，常用于一般现在时。
42、How often do you exercise? Once a day.How long“多长时间”对for+时间段或since+时间点提问，用于现在完成时。 How long have you worked in Beijing? For five years.How soon“多久以后将”对in+时间段提问，用于一般将来时。How soon will Mr. Li come back? In a week. How often“多久一次”，对频率副词（often,always,every day,twice a week）提问，常用于一般现在时。 How often do you ex
43、ercise? Once a day.How long“多长时间”对for+时间段或since+时间点提问，用于现在完成时。 How long have you worked in Beijing? For five years.How soon“多久以后将”对in+时间段提问，用于一般将来时。How soon will Mr. Li come back? In a week. does your cousin go to the gym? Twice a week.A.How long B.How soon C.How oftenSection B1.在英语中，疑问词+to do形式 如：h
44、ow to get to the park可以作宾语，相当于how I can get to the park（宾语从句）如：I dont know how to solve the problem.=I dont know how I can solve the problem. Can you tell me when to leave? =Can you tell me when I will leave? 背：I dont know what to do=I dont know what I can do? (1)I will go to Harbin for my summer vacation.What about you?I havent decided where_ .A.go B.went C.going D.to go (2)Which dress do you like best,Madam?Sorry,I cant decide now.A.to buy which one B.buy which one C.which one to buy D.which I should buy it.2. make mistakes in=make a mistake in“在方面犯错误” I used to ma
