1、上海初中阶段语法知识点梳理名词 (1)一、不可数名词fun, information, luggage, furniture, traffic, chance, advice, knowledge, music, weather, money, stress, space, transport, technology, paper(纸), ,.二、可数名词1. 规则变换变换规则例词一般单词+sday-days mouth-mouths month-months以s. x. ch. sh 结尾+esmatches bosses (除stomachs)以辅音字母+y结尾（元音+y结尾，直接+s）去
2、y变iesbaby-babies fly-flies以f/fe结尾去f/fe变veswife-wives leaf-leaves(除chiefs/roofs/proofs)safe-safes（保险箱）以o结尾有生命加es，无生命sphotos/zoostomatoes potatoes heroes2. 不规则变换1) 单复数同形中日羊鹿鱼：Chinese、Japanese、sheep、deer、fish2) 国家人单复数变化中日不变，英法变，其余后面加sChinese-ChineseJapanese-JapaneseGerman-Germans3) 变元音mouse-micechild-c
3、hildren tooth-teethfoot-feetgoose-geeseman-menwoman-women3. 既可做可数名词又可做不可数名词单词可数不可数单词可数不可数work著作，工厂工作word话语，单词消息experience经历经验chicken鸡鸡肉paper报纸/文件/试卷纸room房间空间exercise练习题/体操锻炼fish鱼鱼肉三、修饰词v 只能修饰可数名词：many/a few/few/several/large numbers of.v 只能修饰不可数名词：much/a little/ little/large amount of/ a great deal
4、of .v 都可以修饰的：some/any/lots of/ a lot of/ plenty of/large quantities of.注意： a little / a few 表示肯定意思 little/few表示否定意思 当出现only/quite/still的时候，后面只能用a few/ a little 四、所有格名词的所有格例词、例句 直接在词尾加sKates bag, Childrens Day, Womens Day 以s结尾的名词所有格,在词尾加Teachers Day, students books 表示两人共同拥有的人或物,在后一个人名后加s表示两人分别拥有的人或物,
5、则两个人名后都要加sToms and Jims mother (共同的妈妈)Toms and Jims mothers (各自的妈妈) 表某人的家、店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地名时,所有格后面的名词常常省略at the doctors(在医务室);at the dentists（在牙防所）at Toms (在汤姆的家)表示无生命名词的所有格，常用of 表达the door of the room, the color of the clothesa photo of me（照片中是我）a photo of myself（照片中只有我） 双重所有格：用s所有格/名词性物主代词与 of 所有格相结合。
6、a photo of mine （照片属于我）a friend of my fathers,注意：名词修饰名词（man和women是修饰词，复数时两个单词都变为复数）鞋店：shoe shops许多男学生：many boy students两个女医生：two women doctors代词 (2)一、 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词人称代词主格人称代词宾格名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词反身代词ImemyminemyselfWeusouroursourselvesYouyouyouryoursyourselfYouyouyouryoursyourselfSheherherhersherselfHeh
7、imhishishimselfItititsitsitselfTheythemtheirtheirsthemselves注意：its(it is和it has的缩写)和its（它的；它的+名词）的区别二、 反身代词的短语自学英语learn English (by) herself = teach oneself English= learn English.on ones own玩得开心enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun随便吃点什么；自便help oneself to sth.（食物）/ make oneself at home 不要拘束专心
8、于.；沉迷于.lose oneself in.补充：oneself 表示某人自己做某事。He himself finished the work. 他自己完成这项工作的。（强调自己完成）三、 指示代词1. this这个 that那个 these这些 those那些广州天气比上海的热。The weather in Guangzhou is hotter than that in Shanghai.中国的人比日本的人多。People in China are more than those in Japan.2. one: 同类中的一个ones: 同类中的一些） it: 同一个物 that: 相当
9、于the+不可数名词单数，特指 -A latest magazine, please. -Only one left. Would you like to have it? The latest magazine has just come out. Would you like to have one? The weather in Kunming is much warmer than that in Beijing. The old out-of-fashioned cars will be replaced by the mew modern ones.3. it的用法1）指代上文提到
10、的物或事。 【例如】There is a cat under the desk. It is very lovely.2）指不明性别的人或婴儿。 【例如】If the baby is hungry, it will cry.3）表示天气，日期，时间，距离。 【例如】-Whats the weather like today? -It is sunny.-Whats the date today? -Its the twelfth of February.-What time is it now? -Its one oclock.-How far is it from here to your
11、school? - Its about 5 kilometers.4） 固定句型l I find/consider/think + it +adj. + to do sth.：我认为做某事是.的l Its + adj. + for/of+ sb. to do sth：for对于某人来说做某事.；of做某事说明某人.）l Its + 一段时间+since 从句：自从.已经多长时间了。四、 复合不定代词（共12个）1. 作主语，谓语动词用单数；作宾语，考察单词意思。例：No one/Nobody can be liked by everyone. 没有人可以被所有人喜欢。2. 和adj. 连用。a
12、dj.在后。 例：I have something important to tell you. 我有一些有趣的事情要告诉你。3. 和else连用。else在后 例：Do you want to talk to anyone else? 你还需想和其他人聊一下吗？五、 either/neither/ both/ all/ none代词中文用法either要么；或者；两者之一谓语动词: 单数；either.or.both两者都谓语动词: 复数；both.and.neither两者都不谓语动词: 单数；neither.nor.all三者都谓语动词: 复数； all of.none三者都不谓语动词:
13、 单复数都可；None of.注意：1. neither.nor./either.or.谓语动词使用就近原则（就近原则还有：there be；not only.but also.）2. no one/ nobody 只能指人，表示没有人 nothing没有物（强调有无）none没有人或物（强调数量） E.g. -Whats in the fridge? -nothing. -Was there anybody in the classroom? -Nobody./No one. -How many apples in the fridge?/How much milk do you want?
14、 -None. 六、 another/other/the other/ others/ the others/ the rest单数复数作定语作主语或宾语泛指another(众多中的另一个)one.anotherother（其它的）others(另一些，其余)someothers特指the other (两者中的另一个)onethe other(只限两者中)the other（其余的）the others(其余的全部)somethe othersn 有 “the” 的指在特定范围中“剩下的全部”；没有 “the” 的指不明确范围中的“剩下众多的部分”。【例如】Dont lend the nov
15、el to others.The old man has three sons. One is a teacher, the other two are doctors.n 有 “s” 的后面不能再接名词和数词。【例如】The farmer has there sons, one of them is a doctor, the others are teachers.n another后面多加单数，但也可以接“few/ 数词+名词复数词”表示累加或更换。【例如】I want another two chairs. (表累加，翻译为“再，又，还得”。)I dont like this pair
16、 of shoes. Would you please show me another pair? （表更换）n 特殊用法。三个的时候。一个是，另一个是，剩下一个是：one.another.the other/the third.数词（3）1. 数词分为基数词和序数词 注意以下单词：four-fourth nine-ninthfive-fiftheight-eighth twelve-twelfth fourteen-fourteenth forty-fortiethninety-ninetieth2. 序数词前必须要加the（除：表示得了第几名）3. 在1990年：in 1999 在20世纪
17、90年代：in the 1990s4. 在某人40岁的时候：in ones forties在某人四十岁生日的时候：on ones fortieth birthday 5. 一篇800字的文章：an 800-word passage. ( The passage is 800 words.) 一条20米深的河：a 20-metre-deep water. (The river is 20 metres deep.)6. 加减乘除：20+10=3020 plus 10 is/equals 30.20 and 10 is / equals 30.20-11=920 minus 11 is/equal
18、s 9.11 subtracted from 20 is 9.132= 2612 multiplied by 2 is/equals 24.12 times 2 is/equals 24.205=420 divided by 5 is/equals 47. 分数二分之一a/ one half四分之一one-fourth/one quarter三分之一one-third四分之三three-fourths/three quarters三分之二two-thirds注意：1）分子大于一，分母+s；2）谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词；One third of these apples are so
19、ld out. One third of the apple is eaten by me.Three fourths of the earth is covered by water. 8. thousand/ hundred/ million等词的用法：1）出现数字：2000：two thousand (有about/more than/ over等修饰时+具体数字：more than two hundred)2) 数以百/千/百万计的：hundreds/ thousands/ millions of3) 特殊：当名词前有修饰词的时候： 数字+ thousand of.表示：这些中的几千
20、e.g. 这些书中的两百本被卖完了：Two hundred of these books have been sold. 冠词（4）一、冠词a/an的区别 1. an+元音因素开头：an interesting book / an English teacher / an 800-word passage/ an 18-year-old boy an hour/ an honest boy /an unusual day a +辅音因素开头：a useful invention / a university/ a one-way road/ a uniform/ a European city
21、 a united team/ a usual task 2. 26个字母中，表示“一个”的时候，用an的有：Mr. Li has one fox. (其中每个字母都发元音)3. 固定搭配： catch a cold 感冒make a fire 生火 make a noise 弄出声 make a mistake 犯错误 do sb. a favour 帮助某人 make a living谋生in a hurry匆忙take an underground 乘地铁 draw/jump to a conclusion 下结论，总结二、定冠词the的重要用法：1. 表示特指（有修饰）：The man
22、 against the tree/ over there is my brother. 2. 序数词（名次前面的the可以省略）前面&最高级前面加the（副词最高级前面的the可以省略）3. the + 姓氏复数：表示一家人 如：the Lis 小李一家人（表示人都在做某事，谓语动词用复数） the+ adj.： 表示一类人 如：the poor 穷人 /the rich 有钱人 /the wounded 受伤的人4. 江河湖海山前面加the：the Atlantic / the Changjiang River (特：Mount Tai/ Yangtze River)5. 街名，路名不加冠
23、词：Huaihai Road/ Nanjing Road/ Ninth Street/ Fifth Avenue 6. 在二十世纪九十年代：in the 1990s 7. v.+ sb. + 介词+ the+身体部位：hit him on the nose/ in the face/ on the head catch sb. by the shoulder8. 西洋乐器前面加the：play the piano/guitar/violin三、零冠词1. 季节、年、月、前面不加冠词；2. 一日三餐不加冠词，但是表示丰盛的时候，前面一般用a/an 如：have a big breakfast3.
24、 球类、棋类前面不加冠词：play football/chess四、区分定冠词和零冠词有the表示在某地没有the表示做某事go to the church 去教堂go to church去做礼拜at the table在桌边at table吃饭in the hospital在医院in hospital生病住院五、 区分a second one& the second one.l The two phones are mine. The first one is from my mom. The/A second one is from my father.l My phone is brok
25、en. I have to buy a second one.形容词、副词（5）一、形容词和副词的用法1. 形容词修饰：名词和代词beautiful ladies something important2. 副词修饰：动词；形容词；副词；整句话（特殊: 形容词修饰enough后置；）He plays the piano wonderfully. (wonderfully修饰plays)Tom looks very handsome.(very修饰handsome)They run quite quickly.(quite修饰quickly)Unfortunately, the man fail
26、ed to pass the exam. (Unfortunately修饰一整句话)3. 以-ly结尾但形容词的词:lonely, friendly, lovely, silly, lively, likely, monthly, motherly,等4. 形容词副词同形的词：1closeadj.近的 亲密的The church is close to the school.a close friendadv.位置接近地 They live quite close.closelyadv.接近地；密切地I felt surprised and watched him closely.2latea
27、dj.晚；迟 Dont be late for school.adv.晚；迟 I stayed up late last night.latelyadv.近来 (recently)Have you seen her lately?3deepadj.深的a deep welladv.深深地（空间）They dived（潜入）deep into the ocean.deeplyadv.深深地（情感）He was deeply moved by the film.4highadj.高的a high mountainadv.高高地（空间） The plane is flying high.highly
28、adv.高度地（程度）I spoke highly of Jack.5wideadj.宽的；a wide riveradv.充分地；完全地Open your mouth wide.widelyadv.广泛地；普遍 English is widely used in the world.6hardadj.硬的 困难的 Stones are hard.Its hard for old people to change their ways.adv.努力地You must work hard.hardlyadv.几乎不 I hardly know her.二、原级比较、比较级、最高级的用法1. 原级
29、比较1) as+adj./adv.+as (否定：not so/as+adj./adv.+as.)2)倍数词+ as+adj./adv.+as (否定：倍数词+not so/as+adj./adv.+as.)3) the same + size/height/ length/depth/weight/price+as.常考句型转换：He is as heavy as you .= The is the same weight as you. （他和你一样重）He isnt as heavy as you. = He is lighter than you. 他没有你重。（他比你轻）=He is
30、 less heavy than you.2. 比较级1) 标志词：than2) 修饰比较级的词：much、even、far、still、a little、a bit、a lot3) the + 比较级，the + 比较级：越.，越.The more you learn, the better you will study. 4) 两个人中比较.的那一个：He is the taller of the two. 5) 比较级+比较级：越.，越.The day becomes longer and longer.6) He is taller than any other student in
31、the classroom. =He is taller than the other students in the classroom.=He is taller than the others in the classroom.对比：=He is taller than any student in his teachers another classroom.3. 最高级1) 三者及以上的比较，常出现：in/among/of的介词短语2) one of +adj最高级（that I have ever+done）3) the +序数词+adj最高级时态综合 (6)一、一般现在时1. 定
32、义表示现在的状态；经常或习惯发生的动作；客观规律2. 时间状语always, usually, sometimes, often, every, once a week, in the morning, in December, in spring, on Mondays 等。3. 结构do/does/am/is/are4. 用法1）表示现在的状态2）经常或习惯发生的动作3）客观规律(注意宾语从句中客观真理也是要一般现在时)4）get/come/arrive等短暂性动词，可以用一般现在是表将来；如Here comes the bus. 车来了。5）“主将从现”：if/unless条件状语从句&
33、when/as soon as等时间状语从句中二、一般将来时1. 定义将来会发生的动作或将来会存在的状态2. 时间状语tomorrow, the coming , in the future, next Tuesday, in two hours, some day, soon, before long,this evening，this afternoon，this weekend 等3. 结构will do/ be going to do 4. 用法1）be going to do 常用于“有迹象表明会发生”如：要下雨了.2）“主将从现”：if/unless条件状语从句&when/as s
34、oon as等时间状语从句中3) 【补充】be about to dowhen 正要做某事当5. 注意点there be 句型的将来时有(两种)：There will be/there is going to be（be不能变）三、一般过去时1. 定义过去会发生的动作或将来会存在的状态2. 时间状语.ago, just now, in+过去年份, yesterday, last Friday, once, the other day, those days, this morning, once upon a time, long before3. 结构1)be(was/were)2)did4
35、. 用法与过去时间连用即可四、现在进行时1. 定义某个时间点或者某段时间正在发生的动作2. 时间状语now, at the moment,at present, for the time being look, listen, be quite, these days, still 等。3. 结构am/is/are doing4. 用法1）某人不能做某事，因为 正在做某事 2）Look！Listen！等词表示某人正在做某事3）当某人正在做某事，另外一人正在做另一件事5. 注意点1）表示一直在做某事，still/always/these days/ the whole morning等需要用现在
36、进行时表示。2）现在进行时表示将来：五、过去进行时（参照现在进行时）1. 定义过去某个时间点或者某段时间正在发生的动作2. 时间状语this time yesterday, at that time, at that moment, from 9 to 11 last Friday, when, while 等。3. 结构was/were doing4. 用法1）当过去某时间，某人正在做某事，另外一人正在做另一件事A was doing sth when B was doing sth2）过去某时间点/时间段在做某事六、现在完成时1. 定义1）过去动作一直持续到现在，可能会持续下去； 2）过去
37、动作对现在有影响；2. 时间状语since, for, already, yet(否定&疑问句), just, so far, by now, till now, up to now, recently/lately, in the past few years/months, in the last few weeks/months/days 3. 结构have/has done4. 用法同“定义”注意1. 在疑问句中，never需要改为“ever”2. 区分have gone to / have been to/have been in去了，没回来一般问：Where is sb.?have
38、 gone to去了，回来了与“次数”连用；对某地熟悉的原因；have been to在某地待多久与一段时间连用have been in3. 短暂性动词-延续性动词V.-V.1. borrowed - have kept2. bought- have hadV.-adj.1. opened- have been open2. closed-have been closed3. died-have been dead4. married-have been marriedV.-Prep.1. started/began-have been on2. finished-have been over
39、3. came/went-have been 4. joined- have been in = have been a member of5. became-have been6. arrived in/reached/got to-have been in7. came back-have been back3. 特殊句型1) It is the first / second time.that结构中的从句部分。2) It is +一段时间+ since从句。七、过去完成时1. 定义过去的过去 2. 时间状语by+过去时间；before+过去时间，主句过完；when+过去时间，主句过完3.
40、 结构had done4. 用法理解句义被动语态综合 (7)目前中考主要考查一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时这四种时态的被动语态以及含情态动词的被动语态。只有及物动词才有被动语态。它的基本结构为：be动词+done。所有的时态变化在be动词 上。动词语态一般现在时被动语态的构成和用法am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词（done）一般过去时被动语态的构成和用法was/were+及物动词的过去分词（done）一般将来时被动语态的构成和用法will be+及物动词的过去分词（done）现在完成时被动语态的构成和用法have/has been+及物动词的过去分词（done）含情态动词
41、的被动语态情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词（done）短语动词的被动语态把短语看作整体，根据动词的形式用相应时态的被动语态（done）主动语态转换为被动语态(1) 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；(2) 把主动语态的谓语变为被动语态的be+ done,时态看主动；(3) 把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的by+宾语注意以下几种被动语态的特殊情况：1. 被动语态中不定式要还原Let/make/see/hear/watch sb. do sth.- sb. be let/made/seen/heard/watched to do sth.My mother made me look after
42、the little sister yesterday.（改为被动语态）-I was made to look after the little sister by my mother yesterday.2. 有些动词没有被动语态。(及物动词才有被动语态) 1)系动词无被动语态：(六“感官”；五“变得”；三“保持”；一“掉”一“出”)look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,go, become, turn, get, grow, keep, remain, stayfall,appear 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：happen to, t
43、ake place, belong to,suffer from, consist of,.3. 主动表示被动的几种情况1）有些不及物动词形式上为主动，但是表示被动含义。这本书销路很好。 This book sells well.这本小说读起来很有趣。This novel reads well.肉很容易切。Meat cuts easily.此类词还有lock, shut, open, move, write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw2）介词短语作表语，主动表示被动The question is now under discussion.The fire w
44、as finally under control.All these old buildings are under repairs.非谓语 to do/ doing/ do (7)一、分类1. 动词+to doagree、plan、promise、choose、want、decide、hope、dream、expect、fail、happen、need2. 动词+doingenjoy、finish、complete、mind、miss、practise、imagine、suggest、advise、keep3. 动词+sb. + to doallow、encourage、enable、get、invite、introduce、want
