1、必修3重点语法汇总Unit7课时重点1. 关系副词where和when引导的定语从句可以提供时间和地点方面的信息。例如:This is the place where I lost my purse.She still remember the day when Bill first walked into her office.2. 在reason后可用why引导定语从句。例如:Do you know the reason why he was so angry?Is there any reason why he is fired?3. 介词+which/whom引导的定语从句。关系代词可
2、作介词的宾语。通常在which和whom前加介词,即介词+which/whom结构。例如:The train on which I am travelling is for Shanghai.This is the professor from whom Ive learned a lot.注意:在日常英语中,通常是把介词放在从句的句末,省略关系代词which和whom。例如:The train I am travelling on is for Shanghai.This is the professor Ive learned a lot from.4. 定语从句有两种:限制性定语从句和非
3、限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句修饰限定名词或代词,清楚表明所修饰的人或物。例如:The girl who is playing tennis is my friend.This is the place where I hid the key.非限制性定语从句提供句子意义以外的额外信息,要用逗号隔开。例如:The accident, which happened yesterday, has led to three death.The professor gave me a lot of advice, from which I benefit a lot.非限制性定语从句中的关系代词whi
4、ch可指整个句子。例如:It is snowing heavily, which makes children feel excited.5. 形容词和副词的比较more and more (越来越.)Our city is getting bigger and bigger.He felt he began to see things more and more clearly.less/the least (不如/最不.)less和the least是more和the most的反义词,也可以和形容词一起使用进行比较。例如:The boy behaves less politely tha
5、n his brother.This hotel is the least comfortable Ive ever stayed.可用于修饰形容词比较级的词,表达两物间差别的程度:much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost, a bit, far, even, still.6. 状态或动作动词英语中动词分为两类:动作动词和状态动词。动作动词描述动作,可用于一般时态和进行时态;状态动词描述状态,一般不用于进行时态。以下是常见的状态动词:表达思维活动:admit, agree, believe, mean, prefer, remember, want表达情感
6、的动词:adore, love, care, hate, hope表示拥有和存在的动词:appear, belong, include, seem, own感官动词:feel, hear, sound, taste, look注意:感官动词后用形容词修饰,而不是副词。例如:The roses smell beautiful.Unit8课时重点1. 我们用现在完成进行时表示:过去开始的反复或正在进行的动作。例如:Ive been going everywhere by bike for the last two years.最近的过去开始的对现在有影响的动作。例如:Hes been doing
7、his science project all night。(thats why he is so sleepy now)形式:现在完成进行时的构成是:主语+have/has+been+doingYou have been studying very hard.Has Steve been complaining about it?2. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的辨析:我们用现在完成时描述一个完成的动作(成果),用现在完成进行时谈论未完成的动作,例如:I have read Hamlet (我已经读过了)I have been reading Hamlet (我还没读完,一直在读)现在完成时
8、关注动作的结果,特别是谈到数字或数量时;现在完成进行时关注动作本身,特别是解释动作可见的结果时。例如:He has run 3 miles. (强调跑完的距离)He has been running for an hour. (强调动作和结果,如:过去的一个小时干了什么,以及现在为什么这么累)3. 现在完成时和时间状语现在完成时一般使用下列时间状语:before, ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, just其中,already用于陈述句中,一般放在have后;yet用于疑问和否定句中,通常放在句末。例如:I have already
9、 repaired my bike.Have you repaired your bike yet?I havent repaired my bike yet.关于for和sincefor用于说明动作的时间长度,例如:I havent seen him for ten years.since用于说明动作的起点,例如:I havent seen him since 1990.Unit9一. 现在完成进行时1. 构成:现在完成进行时由“have/has been + 动词的现在分词”构成,第三人称单数用has,其他各种人称用have。2. 用法:表示动作从过去某时开始并且一直持续到现在,并由可能持
10、续下去。这个动作可能刚停止,也可能仍继续进行下去,常与延续性动词连用,并常带有表示动作起讫时间的状语,如since last week, since 1992等或由since引导的时间状语从句;也可以带有时间表示时间长度的状语,如for an hour, for a few days, these days等。I have been watching TV the whole evening. 我整个晚上一直在看电视。Tom has been working hard since the new term began. 自从新学期开始,汤姆一直在努力学习。表示到目前为止的一段时间内动作时断时续
11、、反复发生。You have been telling me not to be late all the way. 一路上你反复告诉我不要迟到。表示动作刚刚结束,一般不再继续,有时会指出结果。I have been playing ping-pong all the morning, so Im sweating. 整个上午我一直在打乒乓球,所以浑身是汗。Ive been painting the door, so my hands are dirty. 我一直在漆门,所以手很脏。表示某种感情色彩。You have been deceiving me. 你一直在骗我。误区警示:某些不能用于进
12、行时态的动词同样不能用于现在完成进行时,但可以用于现在完成时,如:see, hear, know, like等。现在完成进行时多用延续性动词瞬间性动词(词组)go, get up, come, marry, finish等不能用于现在完成进行时。二. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别现在完成进行时是兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响,由于它由现在进行时的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别如下:时态基本语法功能动作的反复感情色彩现在完成进行时
13、强调动作的持续可表示动作的反复可表示强烈的感情色彩现在完成时强调动作对现在的影响或产生的结果不表示动作的反复一般不表示感情色彩试比较:He has written a letter. 他写了一封信。(信已写好)He has been writing a letter. 他一直在写一封信。(一直在写信,尚未写好)Have you met him recently? 你最近见过他吗?(不表示反复)Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗?(表示反复)I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。(表示事实)I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(表示不满)