1、代词及It用法代词是代替名词的词，英语中代词有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等九种。一、人称代词：(一)概述 表示“我(们)”、“你(们)”、“他/她/它(们)”等的词叫人称代词，它有人称、数和格的变化，其形式列表如下：数(格)人 称单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格第一人称I meweus第二人称you youyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit(二)人称代词的句法功能：人称代词在句中的功能是通过“格”表现出来的，不同的格表明人称代词在句中有不同的句法功能。如：1、主格形式作主语和表语。He was l
2、ate yesterday.昨天他迟到了。They went to the cinema together.他们一起去看电影去了。She and I are very good friends.我和她是很要好的朋友。-Is that Mr. Smith? 是史密斯先生吗？ -Yes, this is he.(电话用语) 是的。It might have been she.那或许是她。【注】在非正式英语，尤其是口语中，人称代词作be的表语时，通常可用其宾格形式代替主格。如：-Who is it? 谁呀？ -Its me.是我。to be + 人称代词作主语的补足语时，人称代词用主格，作宾语的补足
3、语时用宾格。如：I was thought to be she.人们认为我是她。= They thought me to be her.2、宾格形式作宾语(动词的宾语或介词的宾语)。I bought a present for them. = I bought them a present.我给他们买了件礼物。Mind you, this is just you and me.听着，这事只能你知我知，绝不可外传。3、在比较状语从句中，在不引起误解的前提下，有时用宾格代替主格(尤其其后有同位语“all”时)。He is taller than I (或me).他比我高。He is taller
4、than us all.他比我们都高。【注】若可能引起误解，就不能用宾格代替主格。如：He loves you more than I.他爱你胜过我爱你。He loves you mare than me.他爱你胜过爱我。4、用来表示感叹时，常用宾格形式。Dear me! 哎呀/天哪! = Goodness me! (三)代词排列次序(1每一人称；2第二人称；3第三人称)1、单数：通常按2,3,1或是3,2,1人称排列。如：Mary and I are classmates. You, he and I are good friends.2、复数：通常按1,2,3人称排列。如：We, you
5、and they have been invited to the party.Both we and they happened to be there.3、第三人称男女两性并用时，男先女后。如：He and she still dont quite agree to this plan.4、承认过失，表示不吉祥的事，或有不好的意思时，单数按1,3,2人称排列，复数按3,2,1的人称排列。It was I and Tom that broke the window.I, he and you will be punished for being late.They, you and we s
6、hould leave there at once.(四)he和she的特殊用法：he(他)和she(她)除了用来指代男人和女人外，还可用来指代动词或无生命的东西：he可指代雄性动物或庞大而又威猛之物。如：Is the kitty a he or she? 这只小猫是公的还是母的？The cat is playing with his own tail.那只猫在玩自己的尾巴。The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.太阳升起时，月亮失去了它的光辉。【注】人们常用she/her来指代如船只、汽车、飞机、国家、城
7、市等无生命的东西，以表达其喜爱或亲切之情。如：-Hows your new car? 你的新车怎么样？ -Terrific. Shes going like a bomb.好极了，劲儿象炸弹一样足。(五)it的用法：It主要有两种用法：作代词和引导词用。1、作代词：(1)、作人称代词，代替前面提到的事物或身份不明的人。在性别不详或性别无关紧要时，也可指动物或小孩（或婴儿）。如：I was disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be much better. (NMET 93)Someone is ringing the doorbel
8、l. Go and see who it is. (2000上海高考)Aluminum looks heavy but actually it is very light.铝看起来重，但实际上它却很轻。China is a large country. It lies in the east of Asia.中国是一个大国，它位于亚洲东部。Boys and girls, the terminal examination is coming. You must be ready for it.同学们，期末考试快到了。你们必须做好考试的准备。Please go and get my diction
9、ary; it is right on the desk; have you seen it?请去把我的词典拿来；就在书桌上；看见了吗？The scientific worker trained a fish to expect its food when it heard the sound of a whistle.这位科学工作者训练一条鱼听到哨声便想进食。-My brother has only one child. 我兄弟只有一个孩子。-Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩？【注】it与one, that的区别：one表示同类的但不是同一个，且只能代替前面的可数
10、名词，相当于“a/an + 名词”；that表示同类的可以是同一个，且常接后置定语；it表示的是前面同一事物，目的是为了避免重复，可换为“the + 名词”。如：The population of China is larger than that of Japan.I hope that theres enough glasses for each gust to have one. (NMET 95)A table made of stone is stronger than the one made of wood.Meeting my uncle after all these yea
11、rs was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure. (NMET 2002)it可指代前面提到的某件事情或将发生的某件事情。如：How did I get to know him? Well, it was like this.我是怎么认识他的呢? 嗯，事情是这样的。（it指上句中提到的某件事）We shall appreciate it if you would send us your samples soon.如贵方速寄样品来，我方将不胜感激。（it指if从句中提到的将来的某件事）(2)、作非人称代词，表示天气、时间、距离
12、、价值等，译成中文时一般可省略。如：Its getting darker. Lets hurry.It is three miles to the railway station.-What the cost? -Its twenty dollars.-He was nearly drowned once. -When was that? -It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school. (2002北京春高考)Its six oclock already. The bank is closed.已经六点钟了，银行下班了。Oh, its very
13、 cold this winter.哦，今年冬天非常冷。Its twenty li from this hotel to the airport.从这家旅馆到机场有20里。(3)、作指示代词，相当于this, that，表示心目中的人或事物。如：-Who is making such a noise? -It must be the children.-Whose bag is that? -Its my brothers.-Who is it? -Its me.谁（敲门）呵？是我。-What you mean is that practice makes perfect. 你的意思是说熟能生
14、巧。-Thats exactly it. 就是这个意思。-Do you want this one? -Yes, thats it.你要这个吗？对，正是这个。【注】此时it也用于指代前面整个句子所表示的意思，要特别注意与关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句用法的区别：it仅作所在句子的主语或宾语，不能起连接作用；而which具有双重作用，作从句的主语或宾语且具有连接前后两部分的功能，因此其前不能用连词and或but来连接，但which可转换成为and/ but it。二者都可以用来代替前面整个句子所表示的意思。如：The weather turned out to be very good
15、, which was more than we could expect. (NMET 94)Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didnt help. (NMET 93)2、作引导词：(1)、作形式主语。真正的主语可以是动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：In fact, it is a hard job for the police to keep order in the important football match. (上海2001)Does it matter if he cant finis
16、h the job on time? (NMET 95)It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 95)It is difficult for me to learn English.对于我来说学习英语是困难的。It is no use talking.光说没有用。It is clear that he means well.很显然，他的用意是好的。【注】当it作形式主语时，若是no good, no use或useless等作表语，则必须用动名词作真正的主语，其它情况用动词不
17、定式作真正主语。it充当形式主语构成大量的常用句式。要注意it后谓语不同的形式，并译成通顺的汉语。a) It is a pity that 真可惜， 可惜的是 It is a fact that 事实是 It is a wonder that 这真是个奇迹 It is no wonder that 难怪b) It is obvious/clear that 很明显，很清楚 It is strange that 奇怪的是， 令人费解c) It so happened that 碰巧，说来也巧 It follows that 从而，于是乎，这样一来 It seems that 看来 It appe
18、ars that 看来，似乎 It appears/seems as if 看起来好象 It turned out that 原来，结果It occurred to me that 我突然想到d) It was said that 据说 It was reported that 据报道 It is believed that 据认为，人们认为 It is universally accepted that 普遍认为 It is estimated that 据估计 It is to be noted that 值得注意的是 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It wa
19、s announced that 据宣布 It can safely be said that 完全可以说 It can thus be concluded that 由此可以得出结论e) It doesnt matter 是无关紧要的 It doesnt need to be bothered that 无须担忧 It makes no difference 毫无二致f) It is no use/good doing sth.做某事没用处/没好处(2)、作形式宾语。真正的宾语可以是动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：We consider it necessary to combine theo
20、ry with practice.我们认为理论联系实际是必要的。I think it no good doing so.我认为这样做没有用处。We must make it clear that any delay in shipment will cause us great losses.必须明确的是，任何装船的延误都会造成我们很大的损失。【注】与as引导的非限制性定语从句和what引导的主语从句的区别。如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. (NMET 2001)=It
21、 is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month.=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels around the earth once every month.与There is (was) no doubt (no need) to do sth.等惯用句型的区别。如：I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. (NMET 98)I dont think it po
22、ssible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (NMET 90)3、用于强调句型：强调句型的结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that(被强调部分是人时还可用who, whom +原句其余部分。如：原句：We practise oral English in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.It is we that/who practise oral English in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.周四晚上在309教室练习英
23、语口语的是我们。（强调主语）It is oral English that we practise in Classroom 309 on Thursday evening.我们周四晚上在309教室练习的是英语口语。（强调宾语）It is in Classroom 309 that we practise oral English on Thursday evening.我们周四晚上是在309教室练习英语口语的。（强调地点状语）It is on Thursday evening that we practise oral English in Classroom 309.我们是在周四晚上在30
24、9教室练习英语口语的。（强调时间状语）It was because I was busy that I did not attend his birthday party.我是因为忙才没有参加他的生日宴会。（强调原因状语）It was me that/whom he blamed.他责怪的是我。（强调宾语）It is Li Wei that/who has helped us a lot.是李伟给了我们很大的帮助。（强调主语）It was yesterday that I went to visit the exhibition.我是昨天去参加那个展览会的。（强调时间状语）【注】对于引导的强调
25、句型，在理解上要把握以下三点：被强调的对象在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语等成份。强调的基本方法是将被强调部分放到“It is/was that/who”之间，句子的其他部分按其原来在句中的顺序写在that/who之后。若被强调的句子是过去时态就用was,是现在或将来时态就用is；若被强调的对象是人时常用who代替that。判断it开头的句子是否为强调句，可采用“还原法”，即把“It is/ was that/who”去掉，若其中间部分能还原到句子中本身所在的位置，句子结构完整，语法正确，则是强调句，否则就不是。如：Was it in this place that the Emperor di
26、ed? 该句可还原为The Emperor died in this place.即为强调句。对于此类句型常从以下两个方面进行考查：与when, where引导的定语从句；until, before, since引导的时间状语从句的区别。如：It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began. (NMET 95)It was about noon when I climbed up the top of the mountain. (NMET 2002)It is 10 years since he graduated from P
27、eking University.It will be not long before we finish the task.强调句型的疑问句式常为：疑问词 + is/was + it + that + 其他部分。如：What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom?How is it that your answer differs from his?4、it还可常用于以下句型：Its + 段时间 + since 从已多长时间了(since从句要用一般过去时)It wont/will be before 用不了/得过(多久)就/才If it were
28、 not/had not been for sb./sth.要不是有see to it that 务必使，保证使，负责Its five years since we last meet.从我们上次见面已有五年了。(比较：It is five years ago that we last met.我们上次见面是在五年前强调句型)It wont be long before we meet again.不久我们会再见面的。If it hadnt been for John, we would have lost the game.要不是有约翰，我们早就输掉那比赛了。See to it that t
29、he work is done before dark.务必要在一黑前把活干完。二、物主代词(一)概述：表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词，也称代词所有格，它分为形容词性和名词性两种，现列表如下： 人称性单 数复 数第一人称第二人称第 三 人 称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(二)物主代词的句法功能：1、形容词性物主代词常作定语。Is that man with his hands in his pockets your brother? 那个把手放在口袋里的人是你的兄
30、弟吗？【注】形容词性物主代词 + own 表示“某人自己的”，其后可跟名词也可不跟名词。这一结构常用来强调所属或独特性。如：Dont use my pen. Why not use your own (pen)? 别用我的钢笔。为什么不用你自己的呢？I want a car of my own.我想要一辆我自己的车。2、名词性物主代词常作主语、宾语及表语。Can I borrow your pen? Yours writes better than mine.我能借你的钢笔用一下吗？你的笔比我的好写。My bike is out of order. May I use his? 我的自行车坏了
31、，我可以用他的吗？The room isnt ours. Its theirs.这房间不是我们的，是他们的。【注】名词性物主代词后不可跟名词或代词one(s)，它总是单独用在句子中，充当主语、表语或宾语。名词 + of + 名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)构成双重所有格形式，如：a friend of mine我的一们朋友its为形容词性物主代词，通常不作名词性物主代词，故its一般不能单独使用。三、反身代词(一)概述表示反射(指一个动作反射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫反身代词。其形式列表如下：第一人称第二人称第 三 人 称单 数myselfyourselfh
32、imselfherselfitselfoneself复 数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves(二)用法1、作宾语Make yourself at home.别客气。She is worried about herself.她为自己担忧。2、作表语I am not quite myself today.我今天感觉不太好。He recovered from the shock and was himself soon.他从震惊中清醒过来，很快恢复了正常。3、作同位语She is going abroad next month; she herself told me.她亲口
33、告诉我她下月要出国了。I gave the letter to the teacher himself.我把信交给老师本人。【注】反身代词不能用作第一主语，可以用作第二、三主语。如：My brother and myself went there yesterday.(三)包含反身代词的常用词组有：make oneself understood让别人懂得自己的话 behave oneself使自己行为规矩些teach oneself (mathematics)自学(数学) hid oneself(自己)藏起来enjoy oneself过得很愉快 make yourself at home请不要
34、拘束help yourself (to some fruit)请随便吃(些水果) dress oneself (自己)穿衣devote oneself to奉献给 say to oneself心里想talk to oneself自言自语 by oneself独自(= alone, without help)in oneself自发的 to oneself独自占用或享用四、指示代词(一)概述表示“这个(些)” “那个(些”等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。主要有：this, these, that, those, such(二)用法1、作主语This happened many times long
35、ago.在很久以前，这种情况发生过多次。Those would be wonderful clothes.那将是些奇妙的衣服。2、作宾语The oldest building here is this, not that.这里最古老的建筑物是这幢，而不是那幢。Such was Albert Einstein.阿尔伯特爱因斯坦就是这样一个人。(倒装)3、作定语These articles are well written.这些文章写得很好。You shouldnt say such things.你不应当谈这样的事。【注】有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that或those代替。如：The
36、life in Japan is different from that in America.日本的生活与美国的生活不相同。Radios made in Nanjing are just as good as those make in Shanghai.南京生产的收音机与上海生产的一样好。this和that有时可表示“程度”，作状语，相当于so。如：I dont want that much.我不要那么多。The books is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。在打电话时，常用this来介绍自己。用that来问对方是谁。如：Hello, this is Jim. I
37、s that Henry? 喂，我是吉姆，你是亨利吗？that可代替不可数名词。如：This news is better than that.这条消息比那条消息好。五、相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other和one another两组。一般来说，each other用于两个人或物之间，one another用于三个或三个以上的人或物之间，但这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。1、作宾语You and I know each other very well.你我相互都很了解。(作动词宾语)All the children here are fond of one another
38、.这里所有的孩子相互都很喜欢。(作介词宾语)2、作定语用each others 或one anothers所有格形式They pointed out each others weak points.他们相互指出弱点。【注】相互代词不能作主语。each other有时可分开使用，这时， each可作主语。如：Each tries to do better than the other in their work.两人彼此都力争在工作中比对方做得更好。六、疑问代词英语中常见疑问代词有五个，用来构成特殊疑问句，它们是：who, whom, whose, what, which等。1、who和whom
39、的用法：who是主格，在句中作主语和表语，whom是宾格，在句中作宾语。如：Who came here yesterday? 昨天谁来这里了？Whom do you wish to speak to? 你想找谁接电话？【注】在口语中，该用whom的地方常用who代替。 如：Who are you talking about? 你们在说谁？但是，如果前面有介词，则仍需用whom。如：With whom will you go there? 你将要和谁一起去那儿？2、whose, what及which在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。Whose is this? 这是谁的？Whose book i
40、s it? 这是谁的书？What language does he speak? 他说什么语言？They are so alike, I cant tell which is which.他们是如此相象，我都分不出谁是谁了。3、what与who一般说来，what问的是职业或地位，who问的是姓名。如：-What was her husband? 她丈夫是干什么的？ -He was a lawyer.他是律师。-Who was her husband? 她丈夫是谁？-He was John Forbes, the son of a famous writer.他是约翰福布斯，一个著名作家的儿子。
41、4、what与whichwhat一般指不定数目中的选择；which则指一定数目中的选择。如：What fruit do you like best? 你最喜欢什么水果？Which do you like better, oranges or apples? 你比较喜欢桔子还是苹果？5、whatever, whichever, whoever分别为what, which, who的强调形式。如：Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么？Whoever gave you the book? 究竟谁给你的这本书？6、注意下列疑问词的使用与汉译的差别： population ? 人口
42、是多少？ distance? 距离有多远？What is the price? 价格是多少？ address? 住在哪里？ attitude? 态度怎样？ capital of ? 的首都在哪？七、不定代词(一)概述不指明代替的是何特定的名词，起到名词或形容词的作用的代词叫不定代词。不定代词及其基本用法，请见下表：不 定 代 词基 本 用 法all, both, each, neither, either, much, little, many, few, other, another, some, any, one在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语everyone, everybody, eve
43、rything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing在句中作主语、宾语和表语none在句中作主语、宾语和表语every, no在句中只能作定语(二)部分不定代词的具体用法： 1.all全部，都(1)all指三者或三者以上的“全部，都”。如：误His hands are all dirty. 正His hands are both dirty.他的双手都是脏的。(2)all作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与all所指代的人或事物保持一致。如：All of the peopl
44、e/them were very happy.所有的人/他们都非常高兴。All are here except John.除了约翰大家都到了。All goes well.一切进展良好。(3)all可直接修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。如：All things are difficult before they are easy.所有的事情都是先难后易。All the students in this class are good at English.这个班所有的学生英语学得都不错。All the money here belongs to him.这儿所有的钱都是他的。(4)all修饰单数可数名词，表示“整个的，全部的”，相当于whole，但要注意the放的位置。如：She ate all the cake.她把那块蛋糕全吃了。 = She ate the whole cake.All the city is
