1、Chapter 1,SectionWorld GeographyChapter 1Exploring GeographyCopyright 2003 by Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.All rights reserved.Chapter 1,SectionWorld GeographyCopyright 2003 by Pearson Education,Inc.,publishing as Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.All ri
2、ghts reserved.Section 1:The Study of GeographySection 2:Changes Within the EarthSection 3:Changes on the Earths SurfaceChapter 1:Exploring GeographyChapter 1,SectionThe Study of Geography How do geographers use tools to understand the world?What are the five themes of geography?How do geographers id
3、entify location,place,and region?Why do geographers study movement and human-environment interaction?1Chapter 1,SectionGeographic Tools1Chapter 1,Section 1Geographic ToolsGeography means“writing about”or“describing”the earth.Geographers use technological tools such as sonar,satellites,and the global
4、 positioning system(GPS)to study locations on the earths surface.Growing in importance are graphic information systems(GIS),which use computer technology to analyze and display data about the earths surface to solve geographic problems.Geographic concepts help organize the way people think about geo
5、graphy.Chapter 1,SectionFive questions can help organize information about places:(5 themes)Geographys Five Themes1.What is the location of a place?(location-absolute/relative)2.What is the character of a place?(place-physical/human characteristics)3.How are places similar to and different from othe
6、r places?(regions-formal/functional/perceptual)4.How do people,goods,and ideas move between places?(movement-transportation/communication)5.How do people interact with the natural environment of a place?(human environment interaction)1Chapter 1,SectionLocation,Place,and RegionAbsolute location descr
7、ibes the position of a place on the globe using the grid of longitude and latitude lines.Relative location describes the location of a place compared to other places.The character of a place consists of the places physical and human characteristics.A region is a group of places with at least one com
8、mon physical or human characteristic,and may be determined by peoples perceptions,or viewpoints influenced by ones own culture and experiences.Formal regions are areas in which a certain characteristic is found throughout them.Functional regions consist of a central place and the surrounding places
9、affected by it.Perceptual regions are defined by peoples attitudes and feelings about areas.1Chapter 1,SectionMap 2 of 76World Map:Continents and Oceans with Latitude and LongitudeChapter 1,SectionMovement and Human-Environment Interaction People,goods(TRANSPORTATION),and ideas(COMMUNICATION)move be
10、tween places.Human beings have made enormous changes in their environment,both intentional and accidental.Changes to the environment can be favorable,making some places more habitable.Changes can also be destructive,altering an areas ecosystem and straining local resources.1Chapter 1,SectionWant to
11、connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!Section 1 ReviewHow do geographers use geographic information systems(GIS)?a)They use it to map the bottoms of the oceans.b)They use it to collect,analyze,and display geographic information.c)They use it to provide accurate information
12、about location.d)They use it to record images of the earths surface.How is absolute location described?a)It is described by its relation to other places.b)It is described as a group of places sharing a common characteristic.c)It is described by its physical and human characteristics.d)It is describe
13、d by the grid formed by longitude and latitude lines.1Chapter 1,SectionSection 1 ReviewHow do geographers use geographic information systems(GIS)?a)They use it to map the bottoms of the oceans.b)They use it to collect,analyze,and display geographic information.c)They use it to provide accurate infor
14、mation about location.d)They use it to record images of the earths surface.How is absolute location described?a)It is described by its relation to other places.b)It is described as a group of places sharing a common characteristic.c)It is described by its physical and human characteristics.d)It is d
15、escribed by the grid formed by longitude and latitude lines.Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!1Chapter 1,SectionChanges Within the Earth How do scientists classify the earths major physical characteristics?What physical processes affect the earths crust?What the
16、ories help scientists understand the earths past?2Chapter 1,SectionPhysical CharacteristicsGeologists envision three layers to the earth:the core,or center,the mantle,or a thick layer of rock around the core,and the crust,the thin rocky layer on the surface.Landforms and other surface features make
17、up the lithosphere.The atmosphere is the layer of air,water,and other substances above the surface.The water in lakes,rivers,and oceans,and water beneath the surface is the hydrosphere.The large landmasses in the oceans are the continents.Landforms are categorized by their differences in relief,or t
18、he differences in elevation from the highest to the lowest points.2Chapter 1,SectionLandforms are shaped first by forces that originate in the earths interior.Physical ProcessesVolcanoesVolcanoes form when magma breaks through the earths crust.When lava flows evenly,it forms a plateau-like shield vo
19、lcano.An ash and cinder eruption can produce small cinder cone volcanoes.Alternating explosive eruptions and smooth lava flows produce distinctive cone-shaped volcanoes.Movements in the Crust(Earthquakes)Stresses between layers of rock can create folds and faults.The hardness of the rock and the str
20、ength of the movement determine whether a fold or fault is formed.Slow movements of rock layers along a fault produce almost unnoticeable changes.Large,sudden movements send out shockwaves,causing an earthquake.2Chapter 1,SectionMap 6 of 76World Map:Tectonic PlatesChapter 1,SectionMap 7 of 76World M
21、ap:Mountains and Mountain RangesChapter 1,SectionMap 8 of 76World Map:Earthquake Zones and Active VolcanoesChapter 1,SectionUnderstanding the PastAccording to the theory of plate tectonics,the lithosphere is broken up into a number of moving plates,on which continents and oceans ride.The theories of
22、 continental drift and seafloor spreading support the theory of plate tectonics,and it is thought that the force of convection drives the movement of tectonic plates.2-Japan-South America-Mid-Atlantic Ridge(Iceland)-North AfricaEarthquakesVolcanoesEarthquakesVolcanoesAll 3 theorieshave the sameConcl
23、usion!Chapter 1,SectionUnderstanding the PastThe movement of plates can create rift valleys,mountain ranges,volcanoes,faults,and earthquakes,depending the how the plates are moving.The Ring of Fire is a group of volcanoes and volcanic islands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean.2-Himalaya Mts-Greece
24、/Italy-California-Greece/TurkeyEarthquake zonesEarthquake zonesChapter 1,SectionSection 2 ReviewWhat term is used to describe the water on and below the surface?a)lithosphereb)atmospherec)hydrosphered)biosphereWhich process is used to describe the movements of tectonic plates?a)subductionb)convergen
25、cec)faultingd)convectionWant to connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!2Chapter 1,SectionSection 2 ReviewWant to connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!What term is used to describe the water on and below the surface?a)lithosphereb)atmospherec)hydros
26、phered)biosphereWhich process is used to describe the movements of tectonic plates?a)subductionb)convergencec)faultingd)convection2Chapter 1,SectionChanges on the Earths Surface What are the lasting effects of the two kinds of weathering mechanical and chemical on the physical landscape of a place?H
27、ow do the three most common causes of erosion water,wind,and glaciers alter the physical landscape of a place?3Chapter 1,SectionWeatheringMechanical WeatheringMechanical weathering occurs when the rock is physically weakened or broken.The most common mechanical weathering occurs when water freezes i
28、n cracks in rock(frost wedging)Seeds taking root in cracksChemical WeatheringChemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rock.Water and carbon dioxide are the most important factors.(carbonic acid caves are formed this way)Acid rain is a type of chemical weathering caused by air pollution and
29、water.Observing WeatheringThe wearing effects of weather can be seen in any old stone structure.Weathering changes natural landforms over millions of years.Weathering is the breakdown of rock at or near the earths surface into smaller and smaller pieces.3Chapter 1,SectionErosionErosion is the moveme
30、nt of weathered material such as gravel,soil,and sand.Moving water is the single greatest cause of erosion,especially when carrying sediment.Wind,the second major cause of erosion,can strip away exposed soil,but windblown deposits of loess,mineral-rich dust and silt,can also benefit farmers.Glaciers
31、,huge,slow-moving sheets of ice,are also major agents of erosion,as they pick up and drag along dirt,rocks,and boulders.During the Ice Ages,glaciers covered up to a third of the earths surface.In places where glaciers have melted and receded,they have left behind ridgelike piles of rocks and debris
32、called moraines.3Chapter 1,SectionSection 3 ReviewAcid rain isa)a type of sediment.b)a type of mechanical weathering.c)wind-blown dust and silt.d)a type of chemical weathering.How can wind be a force of erosion?a)It can deposit silt on an alluvial plain or delta.b)It can quickly carve out valleys an
33、d canyons from solid rock.c)It can carry away dry soil and sand.d)It can act as a form of chemical weathering.Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!3Chapter 1,SectionSection 3 ReviewAcid rain isa)a type of sediment.b)a type of mechanical weathering.c)wind-blown dust
34、 and silt.d)a type of chemical weathering.How can wind be a force of erosion?a)It can deposit silt on an alluvial plain or delta.b)It can quickly carve out valleys and canyons from solid rock.c)It can carry away dry soil and sand.d)It can act as a form of chemical weathering.Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section?Click Here!3
