1、UnitTwoFruitfulQuestionstranslation Part One for revision 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。Part Two for practice 中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食;而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。RiceisgrownmostlyinsouthernChinawherepeopleusuallytakericeasthe
2、irstaplefood,whileitcannotbeplantedinnorthernChinawheretheclimateiseithertoocoldortoodryforricetogrow.Asaresult,themaincropinthenorthiswheat.InChina,flourissometimesthemainingredientforbreadbutmoreoftenusedtomakebunsandnoodles.翻译（2015年6月大学英语四级卷二）中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现在世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正
3、经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其实包括到2020年建成一个太空站。Chinaisoneoftheoldestculturesintheworld,fromwhichmuchthatconstructsthefoundationofthemodernworldisderived.Chinaiswitnessingthefastestdevelopmentofitseconomyandexperiencinganewindustrialrevolution.Also,Chinahasstartedtheambitiousprogramforexploringtheou
4、terspace,includingtocompleteaspacestationby2020.目前，中国是世界上最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为第二大经济体。Currently,beingoneofthelargestexportersintheworld,Chinaisattractingmassiveforeigninvestment.Simultaneously,ithasinvestedbillionsofdollarsoverseas.In2011,ChinasurpassedJapanastheworldsse
5、cond-largesteconomy.FruitfulQuestionsKeyphrasesComplicatedsentencesFruitfulQuestions Keyphrases 1.fruitfulquestions 2.theothernight 3.atthedinnertable 4.taketimeoutfromtheirfoodfighttodosth 5.teachsbaboutsth 6.paradigmshifts 7.limitationsoflinearthinking 8.refocusparameters 9.theoralversionofsth 10.
6、theSesameStreetgame 5.teachsbaboutsth 6.paradigmshifts 7.limitationsoflinearthinking 8.refocusparameters 9.theoralversionofsth 10.theSesameStreetgame 11.nottakemorethanasecondtodosth 12.deliverhissmuganswer 13.despitethefact 14.Sbbeabouttodosth 15.thinkupsth 16.anothersetofsth 17.theothertwo 18.argu
7、ewithsth 19.Sbbeoutdonebysb 20.takesth/sbassth/sb 16.anothersetofsth 17.theothertwo 18.arguewithsth 19.Sbbeoutdonebysb 20.takesth/sbassth/sb 21.adirectchallenge 22.afoodfight 23.placesthatthecenterofsth 24.readjustthecenturies-oldparadigm 25.anEarth-centeredsystem 26.raisethepricewithoutchangingthep
8、roduct 27.discoveravaccinationforsmallpox 28.abandonhisquestforacure 29.insteadofstudyingpeople 30.beexposedtosth 31.getsick 32.contractasimilarbutmilderdisease 33.vaccinatesbagainstthedeadlysmallpox 34.refocustheparameters 35.redefinetheproblems 36.reframethequestions 37.inshort 38.makeanimportantd
9、iscovery 39.throughouthistory 40.shiftoldparadigms 41.aworkbookexerciseinschool 42.framethequestiondifferently 43.theworldsmostbrilliantscientistsandinventors 44.befailuresinschool 45.themostnotablebeing 46.thiscenturysmostpotentparadigm-shifter 47.Thisisnotmeanttobe 48.acritiqueofschools 49.reallim
10、itstothevalueofinformation 50.bringsthup 51.beatapointintheevolutionofoursociet 52.sbclamorsformoretechnology 53.accessto 54.ever-growingbodiesofinformation 55.bedigitallyconnectedtotheWorldWideWeb 56.downloadvolumesofdatainstantaneously 57.thesuperinformationhighway 58.leadsbnowhere.59.sufferfromal
11、ackofinformation 60.doanythingEarth-shattering pletelychangetheway 62.uncovermoreinformation 63.Lookdifferentlyatinformation 64.preventivemedicine 65.accumulateinformation 66.downshiftontotheinformationhighway 67.newwaysoflookingatit 68.morethanonerightanswer 69.morethanonewaytolookatabodyof informa
12、tion 70.tendtodosth 71.seeeveryproblemasanailFruitful Questions Complicated sentences 1.Theothernightatthedinnertable,mythreekids-ages9,6and4-tooktimeoutfromtheirfoodfighttoteachmeaboutparadigmshifts,andlimitationsoflinearthinkingandhowtorefocusparameters.2.WewereplayingourownoralversionoftheSesameS
13、treetgame,“WhatDoesntBelong?,”wherekidslookatthreepicturesandchoosetheonethatdoesntfit.3.Iagreedthatthiswastherightanswerdespitethefactthatsomepuristsinsistatomatoisafruit 4.Tothoseofusforcedaskidstoeattheminsalads,tomatoeswillalwaysbevegetables.5.Iwasabouttothinkupanothersetofthreewhenmy4-year-olds
14、aid,“Therightanswerisstrawberry becausetheothertwoareroundandastrawberryisntit.”6.Nottobeoutdonebyhisyoungersiblings,the9-year-oldsaid,“Itcouldalsobetheorangebecausetheothertwogrowonvines.”7.Itwasmessierthanafoodfightandmuchmoreimportantthanwhetheratomatoisafruitorvegetable.8.MykidsweredoingwhatCope
15、rnicusdidwhenheplacedthesunatthecenteroftheuniverse,readjustingthecenturies-oldparadigmofanEarth-centeredsystem.9.TheyweredoingwhatReubenMattusdidwhenherenamedhisBronxicecreamHagen-Dazsandraisedthepricewithoutchangingtheproduct.10.TheyweredoingwhatEdwardJennerdidwhenhediscoveredavaccinationforsmallp
16、oxby abandoninghisquestforacure.11.Insteadofstudyingpeoplewhoweresickwithsmallpox,hebegantostudypeoplewhowereexposedtoitbutnevergotsick.12.Hefoundthattheydallcontractedasimilarbutmilderdisease,cowpox,whichvaccinatedthemagainstthedeadlysmallpox.13.Inshort,theyweredoingwhateveryscientistwhosevermadean
17、importantdiscoverythroughouthistoryhasdone,accordingtoThomasKuhn,inhisbook,TheStructureofScientificRevolutions:Theywereshiftingoldparadigms.14.Butifthishadbeenaworkbookexerciseinschool,everykidwhodidntcircletomatowouldhavebeenmarkedwrong.15.Everykidwhoframedthequestiondifferentlythan“Whichisnotafrui
18、t?”wouldhavebeen wrong.16.Maybethatexplainswhysomanyoftheworldsmostbrilliantscientistsandinventorswerefailuresinschool,themostnotablebeingAlbertEinstein,whowasperhapsthiscenturysmostpotentparadigm-shifter.17.Thisis,instead,areminderthattherearereallimitstothevalueofinformation.18.Ibringthisupbecause
19、weseemtobeatapointintheevolutionofoursocietywhereeveryoneisclamoringformoretechnology,forinstantaccesstoever-growingbodiesofinformation.19.Butunlessweshiftourparadigmsandrefocusourparameters,thesuperinformationhighwaywillleadusnowhere.20.Wearenotnow,norhavewerecentlybeensuffering fromalackofinformat
20、ion.21.AndhedidntdoanythinglessEarth-shattering(punintended)thancompletelychangethewaytheuniversewasviewed.22.Hedidntdoitbyuncoveringmoreinformation-hediditbylookingdifferentlyatinformationeveryoneelsealreadyhadlookedat.23.Whatweneedaswebegintodownshiftontotheinformationhighwayisnotmoreinformationbu
21、tnewwaysoflookingatit.24.Weneedtodiscover,asmykidsdid,thatthereismorethanonerightanswer,thereismorethanonerightquestionandthereismorethanonewaytolookatabodyofinformation.25.We need to remember that when you have only a hammer,you tend to see every problem as a nail.FruitfulQuestions Whatistheultimat
22、epurposeofaquestion?Aquestioniscorrespondingtoacertainanswer,isntit?Key 2Key 3Key 1A questionparadigm a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,including theories,research methods,postulates,and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.A paradigm shift Thomas Kuhn,in h
23、is influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions(1962)a change in the basic assumptions,or paradigms,within the ruling theory of science.ausualwayofthinkingVSaninnovativeandfreshway Here is a question.P2 Hereshowithappened:Wewereplayingourownoral versionoftheSesameStreetgame,WhatDoesntBel
24、ong?,wherekidslookatthree picturesandchoosetheonethatdoesntfit.Isaid,OK,whatdoesntbelong,anorange,atomatoorastrawberry?P3 Theoldestdidnttakemorethanasecondtodeliverhissmuganswer:Tomatobecausetheothertwoarefruits.Iagreedthatthiswastherightanswerdespitethefact thatsomepuristsinsistatomatoisafruit.Toth
25、oseofusforcedaskidstoeattheminsalads,tomatoeswill alwaysbevegetables.in shapep3 Iwasabouttothinkupanothersetofthreewhenmy4-yearoldsaid,Therightanswerisstrawberrybecausetheothertwoareroundandastrawberryisnt.HowcouldIarguewiththat?In colorP4 Thenmy6-yearoldsaid,Itstheorangebecause theothertwoarered.Ho
26、w they growP4 Nottobeoutdonebyhisyoungersiblings,the9-yearoldsaid,Itcouldalsobetheorangebecausetheothertwogrowonvines.P5 The middle one took this as a direct challenge.It could be the strawberry because its the only one you put on ice cream.Lessons from the question When we try to tackle a problem,w
27、e may sometimes stick to the usual way of thinking about it,thus often making it difficult to find a solution.We need to remember,therefore,that it is important to learn to look at things in fresh ways and use unconventional and creative means in trying to solve the problems.The author of this text
28、describes how his childrens ability to see things in fresh ways opened his eyes to the nature of creative thinking.P6 Something was definitely happening here.It was messier than a food fight and much more important than whether a tomato is a fruit or vegetable.examplesP6 MykidsweredoingwhatCopernicu
29、sdidwhenheplacedthesunatthecenteroftheuniverse,readjustingthecenturies-oldparadigmofanEarth-centeredsystem.TheyweredoingwhatReubenMattusdidwhenherenamedhisBronxicecreamHaagen-Dazsandraisedthepricewithoutchangingtheproduct.TheyweredoingwhatEdwardJennerdidwhenhe discoveredavaccinationforsmallpoxbyaban
30、doning hisquestforacure.examplesCopernicusReubenMattusEdwardJenner Theywererefocusingtheparameters.Theywereredefiningtheproblems.Theywerereframingthequestions.Inshort,theyweredoingwhateveryscientistwhosevermadeanimportantdiscoverythroughouthistoryhasdone,accordingtoThomasKuhn,inhisbook,TheStructureo
31、fScientificRevolutions:Theywereshiftingoldparadigms.What is the criterion in schools Butifthishadbeenaworkbookexerciseinschool,everykidwhodidntcircletomatowouldhavebeenmarkedwrong.EverykidwhoframedthequestiondifferentlythanWhichisnotafruit?wouldhavebeenwrong.Maybethatexplainswhysomanyof theworldsmos
32、tbrilliantscientistsandinventors werefailuresinschool,themostnotablebeing AlbertEinstein,whowasperhapsthiscenturys mostpotentparadigm-shifter.Lessons from the examples Thisisnotmeanttobeacritiqueofschools.Lordknows,thatseasyenoughtodo.Thisis,instead,areminderthattherearereallimitstothevalueofinforma
33、tion.Ibringthisupbecauseweseemtobeatapointintheevolutionofoursocietywhereeveryoneisclamoringformoretechnology,forinstantaccesstoever-growingbodiesofinformation.Attitudes to informationStudentsmustbeonline.YourhomemustbedigitallyconnectedtotheWorldWideWeb.Businessesmustbeabletodownloadvolumesofdatain
34、stantaneously.Butunlessweshiftourparadigmsandrefocusourparameters,thesuperinformationhighwaywillleadusnowhere.Wearenotnow,norhavewerecentlybeensufferingfromalackofinformation.ThinkhowmuchmoreinformationwehavethanCopernicushadfourcenturiesago.AndhedidntdoanythinglessEarth-shattering(punintended)thanc
35、ompletelychangethewaytheuniversewasviewed.Hedidntdoitbyuncoveringmoreinformation-hediditbylookingdifferentlyatinformationeveryoneelsealreadyhadlookedat.EdwardJennerdidntinventpreventivemedicinebyaccumulatinginformation;hediditbyreframingthequestion.Their attitudes to informationCopernicusEdwardJenne
36、rHow to deal with informationinformationright answersright questionsways to look at information 题西林壁题西林壁苏轼苏轼 横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同；不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。Part Division of the TextPartsParagraphy MainIdea11-5 The Children teach his about paradigm shifts26-8Three more examples of paradigm shifts39-12The Importance
37、 of shifting old Paradigm 413The call for creative thinkingHomework Vocabulary activities Words and phrases Unit 3 Why I TeachKey words Fruitful;evolution;limitation;version;despite;intend;access;super;messy;online;in short Fruitful:producing good results;successful It was a most fruitful meeting;we
38、 made a lot of important decisions.Robert had a long and fruitful career as a research chemist.shift 1.n.1)a change in the way people think about something,in the way something is done,etc.For most city dwellers,it is a welcome shift from town to country life.2)if workers in a factory,hospital,etc.w
39、ork shifts,they work for a particular period of time during the day or night,and are then replaced by others,so that there are always people working He is on the night shift this week.smug:adj.showing too much satisfaction with your own cleverness or success used to show disapproval;self-satisfiedA
40、smug smile reveals on his face.purist:n.someone who believes that sth.should be done in the correct or traditional way,especially in the areas of art,sport,music,and language Purists were shocked by the changes made to the text of the play.Shes a terrible purist about language.outdo:v.be better or m
41、ore successful than someone else at doing sth.She determined to outdo her brother at work and games.quest n.a long search for sth.that is difficult to find;trying to find or get sth.The quest for selfhood was always the theme for women writers.contract 1)become smaller or narrowerMetals contract as
42、they get cooler.2)sign a contract in which you agree formally that you will do sth.or sb.will do sth.for youHaving contracted with them to do the repairs,we cannot withdraw now.3)get or develop(an illness)My son has contracted swine flu.mild adj.1)a mild person has a gentle character and does not ea
43、sily get angryShe is a very mild-mannered person.2)(of weather)fairly warmIts been a mild winter this year.3)(of food)not very strong or hot-tasting People in the north like to eat hot food,while people in the south tend to eat milder food.4)a mild illness or health problem is not seriousHe suffered
44、 a mild heart attack.vaccinate:v.protect sb.(against a disease)by injecting a vaccineYou should have your dog vaccinated against rabies(狂犬病狂犬病).vaccinate sb.against sth.reminder:n.sth.that makes you notice,remember or think about sth.The statue is a lasting reminder of Churchills greatness.The photo
45、graphs are a reminder of life in the 1920s.clamo(u)r:vi.demand sth.loudly;talk or shout loudlyThe newspapers clamored against the governments policy.The children were clamoring to be fed.access:n.1)the way you use to enter a building or reach a placeThe only access to the farmhouse is across the fie
46、lds.2)the right to enter a place,use sth.,see sb,etc.Only professors have access to that lab.shatter:v.break suddenly into small pieces;completely destroy someones hopes,beliefs,or confidence This event shattered all my previous ideas.Hopes of reaching an agreement were shattered.pun:n.humorous use
47、of different words which sound the same or of two meanings of the same word“Seven days without food makes one weak”is a pun on the words“week”and“weak”,and also on the different meanings of“one”.intend:v.have sth.in your mind as a plan or purpose;be provided or designed for a particular purpose or p
48、ersonWhat do you intend to do today?The flowers were intended for you.evolution Development of more complicated forms of life from earlier and simpler forms the evolution of plants the evolution of plant and animal lifelimitation Condition of being limited has ones own limitationsversion Account of
49、an event from the point of view of one person说法，看法，叙述 There were contradictory versions of what happened.Translation into another language 版本 a new version of the Bibledespite In spite of 不管；不顾；不论 Despite what she saidnowhere not anywhere 无处 Such methods will get you nowhere.The boy was nowhere to b
50、e found.super excellent;splendid a super jobmessy in the state of disorder a messy job Theothernightatthedinnertable,mythreekids-ages9,6and4tooktimeoutfromtheirfoodfightto teachmeaboutparadigmshifts,thelimitationsof linearthinkingandhowtorefocusparameters.Part One Questions What was the question the
