1、大家好大家好Seven Types of Simple SentencesSeven Types of Simple Sentences 简单句的七种类型简单句的七种类型十大词类十大词类 (Parts of Speech)(Parts of Speech)英语中的词可以根据词义，句法作用英语中的词可以根据词义，句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类：和形式特征分为十大词类：名词、代名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、冠词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、冠词、连词、数词、感叹词词、连词、数词、感叹词。词词类类英语英语名称名称 意义意义实实义义词词n.表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称表示人、事物、地点或抽
2、象概念的名称v.表示动作或状态，分为五类：表示动作或状态，分为五类：及物动词及物动词(vt.)、不及物不及物动词动词(vi.)、系动词、助动词和情态动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词pron.代替名词，数词等代替名词，数词等num.表示数量或顺序，分为基数词和序数词表示数量或顺序，分为基数词和序数词adv.修饰动词，形容词或其它副词或句子修饰动词，形容词或其它副词或句子adj.用于修饰名词，表示人或事物的属性或特征等用于修饰名词，表示人或事物的属性或特征等虚虚词词art.限制名词的意义，有不定冠词限制名词的意义，有不定冠词(a,an)，定冠词，定冠词(the)prep.表示名词、代词等与句中其他词
3、的关系表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系conj.用于连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子用于连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子interj.表示说话人情感或口气表示说话人情感或口气需要弄清楚的几个概念：需要弄清楚的几个概念：1、及物动词、及物动词(vt.)(vt.)：后面带有宾语，意思才能完整。：后面带有宾语，意思才能完整。eg.They want some books.He is reading a book.2 2、不及物动词、不及物动词(vi.)(vi.)：本身意义完整，不需跟宾语。：本身意义完整，不需跟宾语。eg.Birds fly.He works in the factory.3、
4、系动词：系动词本身虽有一定的词义，但不完整，不、系动词：系动词本身虽有一定的词义，但不完整，不 能单独作谓语，必须和作表语的词语能单独作谓语，必须和作表语的词语(如形容词如形容词,名词名词 等等)连用连用,构成谓语。如：构成谓语。如：be(是是),look(看起来像看起来像),become(成为成为,变得变得)等。等。eg.They are teachers.He became very interested in science.句子成分句子成分(Elements of the Sentence)(Elements of the Sentence)组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分，主要组成句子的
5、各个部分叫句子成分，主要有：有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、插入语、同位语状语、补语、插入语、同位语等，其中等，其中主语和谓语是句子的主要成分。主语和谓语是句子的主要成分。句子句子成分成分英语名称英语名称 可充当这些成分的词和结构可充当这些成分的词和结构主语主语Subject名词、代词名词、代词(代词主格或名词性物主代词代词主格或名词性物主代词)、数词、动名词、不定式或其它相当于名词的数词、动名词、不定式或其它相当于名词的词、短语及主语从句词、短语及主语从句谓语谓语Predicate 谓语只能由动词（词组）担当谓语只能由动词（词组）担当 表语表语Pr
6、edicative由形容词、数词、代词由形容词、数词、代词(宾格或名词性物主宾格或名词性物主)、介词短语、名词（词组介词短语、名词（词组)及表语从句等担当及表语从句等担当宾语宾语Object一般由名词或与之相应的其他词类、短语或一般由名词或与之相应的其他词类、短语或从句担当从句担当定语定语Attribute 由形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、由形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、介词短语、不定式及其短语等担当介词短语、不定式及其短语等担当状语状语Adverbial 由副词、不定式及其短语、介词短语、以及由副词、不定式及其短语、介词短语、以及状语从句等担当状语从句等担当主主/宾宾补语补语
7、Object Complement由名词、形容词、动名词、不定式、介词短由名词、形容词、动名词、不定式、介词短语、名词性从句等担当语、名词性从句等担当主语(Subject)主语是动作的主体部分 在主动句中：主语是动作的发出者 I teach you English.在被动句中：主语是动作的承受者 You are beaten.主语一般由名词、代词或数词充当。Twelve divided by four is three.（数词）主语还可以由从句或非谓语动词充当。What you said is wrong.Smoking is harmful to your health.To learn E
8、nglish is difficult.谓语(Predicate)谓语 表示一个动作、行为，是由动词充当的。I teach you English.一个句子能不能没有谓语?宾语(Object):宾语的分类：动词宾语：动作涉及的对象。I love you.介词宾语：介词所涉及的对象。I want to give this book to you.宾语一般由名词、代词充当。宾语也可以是一个从句或非谓语动词。He told me that he felt lonely.He likes swimming.定语(Attributive):定语的作用 用于修饰、限定名词或代词。定语一般由？充当。a be
9、autiful girl 定语还可以由名词充当，表用途。a pencil box定语(Attributive):定语也可以由从句或非谓语动词充当。Those who want to learn English well should study harder than others.an interesting book a meeting to attend 定语也可以由副词（词组）或介词（词组）充当。The man over there The books on the shelf状语(Adverbial)状语是用于修饰副词、形容词或动词的成分。状语一般由副词充当。Those proble
10、ms are pretty hard.形容词也可以充当状语。Happy to see him,she forgot everything.状语(Adverbial)介词词组、非谓语动词和从句也可以充当状语。They managed to finish the job before Monday.（介词词组）The old man sat on the bench,enjoying the sun-set.（现在分词词组）As he was leaving the office,it started to rain.（时间状语从句）补语(Complement)补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语宾语的身
11、份或特征。补语一般由名词或形容词充当。I am a teacher.(S C)Dont leave me alone.(O C)补语(Complement)副词、介词（词组）、非谓语动词或从句都可以在系动词后充当补语(也称表语)。Time is up.(adv.)They are in the classroom.(prep.)The place is where we first met each other.副词、介词（词组）或非谓语动词也可以充当宾语补足语。I saw him rushing into the classroom.同位语(Appositive)同位语是位于名词或代词后面的
12、个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明。同位语一般由名词或名词词组充当 The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.名词性从句也可以充当同位语（修饰抽象名词为多）news,fact,truth The news that he went abroad surprised me.Seven Types of Simple SentencesSeven Types of Simple Sentences 简单句的七种句型简单句的七种句型简单句的七种基本结构：简单句
13、的七种基本结构：1.The sun rises.2.I dont like basketball.3.Danny is tired.4.I read her a story.5.I helped her brush her teeth.主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语主语主语+动词动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语主语主语+动词动词+宾语宾语+宾补宾补_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _SevenTypes of Simple Sentences:1.主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词2.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+
14、宾语宾语3.主语主语+系动词系动词+补语补语4.主语主语+动词动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语5.主语主语+动词动词+宾语宾语+宾补宾补Subject+Intransitive VerbSubject+Transitive Verb+ObjectSubject+Link Verb+Complement Subject+Verb+Indirect Object+Direct ObjectSubject+Verb+Object+ComplementSeven Types of Simple Sentences:Seven Types of Simple Sentences:1.1.主语主语
15、 +不及物动词不及物动词2.2.主语主语 +及物动词及物动词 +宾语宾语3.3.主语主语 +动词动词 +补语补语4.4.主语主语 +动词动词 +间接宾语间接宾语 +直接宾语直接宾语5.5.主语主语 +动词动词 +宾语宾语 +宾补宾补 S V S VS V OS V OS V CS V C S V o O S V o OS V O CS V O C6.6.SVASVA7.7.SV0ASV0An 一、主语一、主语+不及物动词不及物动词（S+V）n 这种句型中没有直接宾语这种句型中没有直接宾语,但常带有状语。例如：但常带有状语。例如：n The water is boiling.n S V n Th
16、ey have been waiting there for hours.n S Vn The train will leave soon.n S V n The flags are waving in the windn S Vn二、主语二、主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语（S+V+O）n He has a sister.n S V On They wanted to have a rest.n S V O n She carried out her plan.n S V O n He likes watching TV.n S V O三、主语三、主语+动词动词+补语补语（S+V+C）英文中
17、的系动词主要是指英文中的系动词主要是指be动词的各种变化形式，也包括动词的各种变化形式，也包括那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。那些有时起系动词作用的实义动词。这类动词常见的有：这类动词常见的有：become（变成）（变成）look（看上去）（看上去）seem(看起来）看起来）get（变得（变得)feel（摸起来）（摸起来）grow（变得）（变得）turn（变成）（变成）keep（保持）（保持）stand（保持）（保持）stay（保持）（保持）smell（闻起来）（闻起来）sound（听起来）（听起来）taste（尝起来）（尝起来）nHe is a good student.n S V CnSh
18、e is in the classroom.n S V C It is getting warmer and warmer.S V C The trees turn green.n S V C四、主语四、主语+动词动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）这类句型常有这类句型常有“给某人某物给某人某物”、“送某人某物送某人某物”、“留留给某人某物给某人某物”等意思。等意思。：give(给某人给某人)bring(带给某人带给某人)tell(告诉某人告诉某人.)send(送给某人送给某人),leave(留给某人留给某人)pass(递给某人递给某人)read(给某人读给某人读)w
19、rite(给某人写给某人写),take(给某人拿给某人拿)show(给某人看给某人看)teach(教某人教某人)get(给某人弄到给某人弄到)lend(借给某人借给某人)buy(给某人买给某人买)pay(支付某人支付某人)hand(递给某人递给某人)nShe brought me a shirt.n S V IO DOnPass him the dictionary,please.n V IO DO n I lend him my bicycle.n S V IO DOn=I lend my bicycle to him.nmake,buy,get,sing,cook等等。等等。nHer mo
20、ther bought her a skirt.n S V IO DO =Her mother bought a skirt for her.五、主语五、主语+动词动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语（S+V+O+C）常带常带复合宾语复合宾语结构的及物动词有：结构的及物动词有：feel(感觉到感觉到)find(发现发现)get(使得使得)have(使，让使，让)hear(听到听到)keep(保持保持)make(使使)notice(注意到注意到)see(看见看见)let(使使)watch(注视，看注视，看)call(称称)ask(请求请求,要求要求)tell(告诉告诉)want(想要想要)wis
21、h(希望希望)listen to(听听)look at(看，瞧看，瞧)nWe call him Xiao Liu.n S V O CnThe news made me happy.n S V O CnHe keeps his hand behind his back.n S V O CnThe story made us laugh.n S V O C nHe heard somebody opening the door.n S V O C在某种情况下，状语成分必不可少状语成分必不可少。He lives in Shanghai.Shakespeare lived in the 16th ce
22、ntury.The Hunters are staying in the Peace Hotel.The train leaves at eight.They will be flying to London.在上述诸例中如果省略 in Shanghai等状语成分，便不能表达完整思想，因此有些语法书把这类句子连同上述The gramophone is on the table 一起划入SVA句型。六、六、SVA句型句型比较比较SV和和SVA句型句型 区别：区别：状语A是不是不可或缺的：如果没有状语句子仍能被理解，这是SV句型。如果没有状语句子不能被理解，这是SVA句型。共同点共同点：SV与SV
23、A句型的是谓语动词均为不及物动词。SV句型 They have arrived.SVA句型 The famous writer lived in the 18th century.SVO句型一般不需要状语成分即可表达完整思想。但在某些情况下，状语成分必不可少。例如：He put the vase on the table.Jim brought his suitcases upstairs.Ill take Mary to the station.They treated him kindly.在上述例句中，如果拿掉on the table，upstairs，to the station，ki
24、ndly等状语成分，句子的思想就不完整。因此有的语法书把这类句子划为单独一种句型SVOA。七、七、SVOA 句型句型 这两个基本句型的共同点是谓语动词均为及物动词。SVO句型 I love you very much!SVOA句型 I put the bottle on the desk.判断下列各句句子的基本句型判断下列各句句子的基本句型Mr Black is English.The teacher taught us some grammar rules.The farmer dug up the soil.She found her ring lost.She left her job
25、unfinished.The great poet lived in the 18th century.Jim brought his suitcases upstairs.划分句子成分划分句子成分:My sister is a nurse.They are drinking.They are drinking tea.The old man walks in the park.She passed him the salt.We keep the table clean._ S _V_ C_ S_ V_ S_ V_ O_ S_ V_ S_ V_ IO_ DO_ S_ V_ O_ C7.The
26、y work hard.8.The flower is dead.9.Plants need water.10.He gives me some seeds.11.We should keep the plants in the shade.12.Many animals live in trees._ S_ V_ S_V_ C_ S_ V_ O_ S_ V_IO_ DO_ S_ V_ O_ A_ S_ V_ A1.The spring is coming.2.In spring,the weather becomes warmer.3.I have finished my homework.
27、4.Show me your books.5.Keep them warm at night.S+VS+V+C S+V+O S+V+IO+DO S+V+O+C6.She introduced her friends to us.7.The tape-recorder is on the desk.8.The guests have just arrived.9.She laid the baby on the bed.汉译英：汉译英：1)鸟会在天空飞翔。鸟会在天空飞翔。2)他喜欢踢足球。他喜欢踢足球。3)我们非常激动。我们非常激动。4)他昨天给了我一本书。他昨天给了我一本书。5)她告诉我下课后
28、不要出去。她告诉我下课后不要出去。He likes playing football.Birds can fly in the sky.We are very excited.He gave me a book yesterday.She told me not to go out after class.S+VS+V+OS+V+C S+V+IO+DOS+V+O+C Freeman and slave,patrician and plebeian,lord and serf,guild master and journeyman,in a word,oppressor and oppresse
29、d,stood in constant opposition to one another,carried on an uninterrupted,now hidden,now open fight,a fight that each time ended,either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large,or in the common ruin of the contending classes.本句基本句型结构为本句基本句型结构为 SVC和和SVO：Freeman and slavestood in constan
30、t opposition，（and）carried on an uninterrupted fight。Perhaps the greatest difficulty that confronts anybody trying to convey the remote beauty of so much of the coast of Wales west of Landdudno and Swansea is that any summary,let alone a detailed description,will appear exaggerated to all but the ver
31、y few who have penetrated onto the headlands walked long lengths to which access is happily not available in any other way.本句是本句是SVC句型的扩大。它的基本句型的扩大。它的基本“格局格局”是：是：Perhaps the greatest difficulty.is that.。Her mouth and chin,they said,were too large and full,and so they might be for a goddess in marble
32、,but not for a woman whose eyes were fire,whose look was love,whose voice was the sweetest low song,whose shape was perfect symmetry,health,decision,activity,whose foot as planted itself on the ground was firm but flexible,and whose motion,whether rapid or slow,was always perfect grace-agile as a nymph,lofty as a queen-now melting,now imperious,now sarcastic-there was no single movement of hers but was beautiful.本句是两个本句是两个SVC句型的并列：句型的并列：Her mouth and chin,.were too large and full,and so they might be for a goddess in marble,but not for a woman whose.。
