1、高考英语概要写作专项复习一、考点分析： 概要写作，是一道“跨界”题；相信我们对“跨界” 一词应该不会陌生了：跨界歌手，跨界喜剧人等综艺节目收视率颇高。Summary概要写作就是在读的基础上进行写作，所以是阅读能力和写作能力的综合。简单地表达Summary概要写作= Reading+ Writing。在日常的英语教学中，教师也经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点：（1）积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难
2、写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。（2）进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：记叙文：what / who / when / where / why / how议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)说明文：phenom
3、enon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)新闻：a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs 就目前出现的考题来看，以记叙， 说明，议论为主，新闻几乎没有出现过。新闻往往只需要通过
4、第一句话就可以得知整个事件的梗概，这样就无法考查学生的分析能力和概括能力，所以考的可能性较小。综合以上分析可知，新高考更加重视考查考生高中阶段英语基本技能的掌握情况，也注意考查考生进入高等学校继续学习的潜能，目标是利用高考命题的导向功能推动新课程的课堂教学改革。1.选材特点（1）所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；（2）所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。2.评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构
5、和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。3、考查能力 概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是
6、基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。二、专题详解1）知识点1 1.写作步骤 1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接
7、，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。五个基本步骤概括起来就是：1）、通读全文，理解大意；2）、研读文本，理清主次；3）、围绕中心，拟写初稿；4）、梳理整合，灵活表达；5）、修改润色，完美呈现。 例题分析： Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thi
8、ng. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie
9、in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had take
10、n a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. C
11、lean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate f
12、or dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to
13、 play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.One possible version： People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected peop
14、le from getting ill. (要点2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)【范文点拨】(一)要点分析 1.文章第一段就
15、是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精炼。 2第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认
16、为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history, people of some European c
17、ountries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。 3.第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea可得出要点3“However, people began to change their
18、attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.” 4.文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
19、”表达很恰切。(二)要点连接文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。(三)关键词汇 第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (之后；立即) 第
20、三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点)第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势) 以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。二） 知识点2：1. Techniques of a summary Paraphrasing注意：使用
21、Paraphrasing需要换词、简化；使用general words而不是detailed wordse.g.His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. He was very brave.e.g.She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. She brought home a
22、 lot of books to read during the vacation.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggerat
23、ion be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few pe
24、ople in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are toda
25、y accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” （如果需要结合模考题中的例子，则推荐2017年虹口一模“Are You Ready for Your Exam?”， 是典型的将句子转化成名词短语的考例）7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and
26、some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果
27、。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just ima
28、gine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:” But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of f
29、ood, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of
30、food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. (Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill from the above ones.)1, Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1) Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and y
31、our plans for the future.2).Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Which skill: _Summary:_2. Sometimes, kids dont think their parents are fair to them. When you want to d
32、ress in a modern way, your mum doesnt like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether youre speaking to a boy or a girl.Which skill: _Summary: _3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. Its not at all good for you!”
33、Paul put down his knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandjust imagine bread without salt in it!”Which skill:_Summary:_4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some tex
34、tbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.Which skill: _Summary: _1.Skill1: Omit the detailsThere are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.2. Skill2: Omit the examples.It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem
35、differently from our parents.3. Skill3: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.4. Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具体的) words.She brought home a lot o
36、f books and magazines to read during the vacation.2. Types of Summaries1）记叙文 串联要素 （who, when, where, what, how, why）要求：a. 谁做了什么？b. 结果如何？2） 说明文 根据不同类型a. 描写事物性质功用。“对象+性质功用+利好”(In the passage) the writer introduces (对象) to us, especially its (性质或功用), from which we know (对象带有的利好).b. 针对某个问题提出的解决方案或措施，“问题
37、+解决方法”The passage tells us (问题), including (方法1), (方法2), and (方法3).c. 介绍某现象及其原因和结果，“现象+原因+结果”。(The author/ writer said/ talks about) (现象) of., because / but (原因/本质1), and (原因/本质3）议论文 论点、论据和结论；找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。积累模板Some Summary Models for You要注意归纳和积累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：The essay/passage/au
38、thor highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come firstor are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.The essay/passage/au
39、thor discusses the impact of email.The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.The essay/passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.B.而记叙文的概要则可以从以下模板中选择：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story abo
40、ut a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.C.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis article is mainly aboutThe writer states thatAs can be learn this passage, - - -The passage says thatIn this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of另外，更
41、具体一点：(1) 记叙文概要模板a.点明写作目的类：The writer tells us（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情节）.b.作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.(2) 议论文概要模板The article gives the view thatshould/shouldn
42、t（主题）.（补充论据）.The passage highlights(强调) the importance of sth.The author argues that(3) 说明文概要模板a. 现象揭示类：This article points out the common phenomenon -（主题), which.（补充解释）.b. 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the p
43、ositive side, but it may also.c. 研究显示类：The study reveals(揭露) thatThe purpose of the report is to show that练习：初级：找准主题句Passage 1 A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2006, at 4 oclock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the
44、 earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result about 200 people were killed in the earthquake, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come
45、 from many countries, including China.Which of the following is the topic sentence?1. A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.2. About 200 people were killed in the earthquake.3. The international aid has also come from many countries, including China.4. All the people were in a panic during the
46、 earthquake.Passage 2 Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within ones country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.Which
