1、 人教版高中英语总复习人教版高中英语总复习 介介 词词 和和 关关 联联 词词 讲课教师讲课教师 郑郑 士士 国国英语英语介词介词 随处可见，功能强大的随处可见，功能强大的“小词小词”n 英语介词虽是小词，数量也不多，但它灵活多变，英语介词虽是小词，数量也不多，但它灵活多变，随处可见，功能强大而且随处可见，功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中，难于掌握。在现代英语中，介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色，介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色，不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫，那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃的提高。夫，那么
2、你的英语水平会有一个飞跃的提高。英语介词分类英语介词分类按结构分类按结构分类 n按结构英语介词可分为按结构英语介词可分为3 3类：类：n1 1简单介词（约有简单介词（约有7070个），如：个），如：inin，atat，onon，byby，withwith，downdown，forfor，besidebeside，alongalong，acrossacross等。等。n2 2分词介词（约分词介词（约1515个）如：个）如：duringduring，followingfollowing，consideringconsidering，regardingregarding，speakingspeaki
3、ng，judgjudg-inging，talkingtalking等。等。n3 3成语介词（约有成语介词（约有500500个）如：个）如：out ofout of，apart apart fromfrom，because ofbecause of，by means ofby means of等。等。英语介词分类英语介词分类按意义分类按意义分类n按意义英语介词可分为按意义英语介词可分为3 3类：类：n1.1.时间介词，如：时间介词，如：at,on,in,during,over,at,on,in,during,over,from,for,untilfrom,for,until等。等。n2.2.地点
4、介词地点介词,如：如：at,on,in,across,to,at,on,in,across,to,over,between,inside,outsideover,between,inside,outside等。等。n3.3.其它介词，如：其它介词，如：by,with,about,except,by,with,about,except,instead of,due to,apart frominstead of,due to,apart from等。等。介词介词-从不独立行动的精灵从不独立行动的精灵 1n 英语介词不可单独使用，只能与不同的此类构成英语介词不可单独使用，只能与不同的此类构成介词短
5、语来在句子中担当一个成分。介词短语来在句子中担当一个成分。n常用的五种介词短语常用的五种介词短语n1.1.介词介词+名词：名词：at the door,into the bagat the door,into the bagn2.2.介词介词+代词代词:for me,of othersfor me,of othersn3.3.介词介词+动名词动名词:in doing so,to my sayingin doing so,to my sayingn that thatn4.4.介词介词+连接副词连接副词/连接代词连接代词/whatwhat从句从句:over whatover whatn he h
6、ad better do he had better don5.5.介词介词+连接副词连接副词/连接代词连接代词+不定式：不定式：on how toon how ton do this do this 介词介词-从不独立行动的精灵从不独立行动的精灵 2n其他类型的介词短语其他类型的介词短语n6.6.介词介词+介词短语介词短语：from across the streetfrom across the street,n until after dinneruntil after dinnern7.7.介词介词+副词：副词：from belowfrom belown8.8.介词介词+复合结构：复合
7、结构：with the light onwith the light onn9.9.介词介词+不定式（不定式（but/except)but/except)：did nothingdid nothingn but watch TV/had no choice except to but watch TV/had no choice except ton lie down to sleep lie down to sleep介词介词-连接词与词的纽带连接词与词的纽带 1n英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系n1.1.时间时间n1 1）atat表示在某一时间点表示
8、在某一时间点:at 3 oclockat 3 oclockn2 2）inin表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点：表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点：n in 2004 in 2004n in in表示在某段时间的结束点：表示在某段时间的结束点：IIllll see you see you n again again in in a week.a week.n3)during3)during表示某一时间段内自始至终：表示某一时间段内自始至终：duringduringn the first period the first period介词介词-连接词与词的纽带连接词与词的纽带 2n4)on4)on表
9、示在某一表示在某一day/dateday/date或其中的某一段：或其中的某一段：on on n Monday,on Sunday morning Monday,on Sunday morningn5)by5)by表示不迟于某个时间：表示不迟于某个时间：by nowby nown2.2.地点地点n1 1）atat表示在某处（而非它处）：表示在某处（而非它处）：at schoolat schooln2)in2)in表示在内部或某个范围内：表示在内部或某个范围内：in the officein the officen3)on3)on表示在上面与某平面接触：表示在上面与某平面接触：on the ta
10、bleon the tablen4)outside4)outside表示在某个范围之外：表示在某个范围之外：outside outside n world world 介词介词-连接词与词的纽带连接词与词的纽带 3n5)under5)under表示在比某个位置低的地方或在某表面之表示在比某个位置低的地方或在某表面之n 下：下：under a chairunder a chairn6)by6)by表示靠近或接近：表示靠近或接近：by the windowby the windown3.3.原因原因n1 1）because ofbecause of表示因为或以表示因为或以 为理由为理由：becau
11、sebecausen of my father of my fathern2)for2)for表示动作或活动的目的、目标或意图：表示动作或活动的目的、目标或意图：for for n sale salen3)out of3)out of表示起源、来源或原因：表示起源、来源或原因：out of dutyout of duty 介词介词-连接词与词的纽带连接词与词的纽带 4n4.4.方式方式n1 1）withwith表示以表示以 方式：方式：with skillwith skilln2 2）inin表示以某种方式：表示以某种方式：in French,in French,in cashin cash，
12、n in this way in this wayn5.5.方法方法n1)1)byby表示方法、手段表示方法、手段:by the back road,by by the back road,byn bus,by working hard bus,by working hardn2)on2)on表示运送方式：表示运送方式：on a train,on footon a train,on footn3)in3)in表示途径或材料：表示途径或材料：in oils in oils 介词短语的词性介词短语的词性 形容词形容词 1 1n1.1.介词短语的形容词性介词短语的形容词性n1)1)常用于做定语的介词
13、短语的介词常用于做定语的介词短语的介词n of:a child of:a child ofof six sixn with:a man with:a man withwith a suitcase a suitcasen in:a girl in:a girl inin red redn to:the key to:the key toto the door the doorn for:a war for:a war forfor money moneyn about:an agreement about:an agreement aboutabout trade trade 介词短语的词性介
14、词短语的词性 形容词形容词 2 2n2)2)常用于做表语的介词短语的介词常用于做表语的介词短语的介词n at:She was at:She was at at a loss.a loss.n beyond beyond；The road is The road is beyondbeyond the hill.the hill.n in:Hes still in:Hes still inin danger.danger.n of:Its of:Its of of no value.no value.n on:He is on guard.on:He is on guard.n out of:I
15、m out of:Im out ofout of job.job.n under:Hes under:Hes underunder forty.forty.介词短语的词性介词短语的词性 形容词形容词 3 3n3)3)用于做宾语补足语：用于做宾语补足语：n I saw George I saw George at at work.work.n A cold kept him A cold kept him in bedin bed for 7 days.for 7 days.介词短语的词性介词短语的词性 副词副词n2.2.介词短语的副词性介词短语的副词性n1 1）做状语，主要用于修饰谓语：）做状
16、语，主要用于修饰谓语：n He has been here He has been here sincesince Monday.Monday.n Bake it is Bake it is forfor two hours.two hours.n2)2)用于用于be+adj.be+adj.结构：结构：n She is afraid She is afraid ofof snakes.snakes.n Im sorry Im sorry aboutabout that.that.n3)3)修饰非谓语动词：修饰非谓语动词：n I asked to speak I asked to speak t
17、oto the headmaster.the headmaster.n Thank you Thank you forfor doing this for me.doing this for me.介词介词-短语动词中的关键角色短语动词中的关键角色n含有介词的短语动词含有介词的短语动词n1.1.v.+prep.v.+prep.：agree with/to/on/in,agree with/to/on/in,answer for,ask for,come across,go answer for,ask for,come across,go after,live on,run into,head
18、 for,after,live on,run into,head for,look for/after/at look for/after/at 等。等。n2.2.v.+adv.+prep.:come up to,go in v.+adv.+prep.:come up to,go in for,run out of,do away with,keep up for,run out of,do away with,keep up with,make up for,put up withwith,make up for,put up with等。等。英语关联英语关联词词 句子结构的句子结构的“关节
19、关节”，准确表达的关，准确表达的关键键n 英语英语关联关联词词是关系词和连接词的合称。是关系词和连接词的合称。n 严谨而准确的表达的基础之一是严谨的句子结构；严谨而准确的表达的基础之一是严谨的句子结构；而而关联关联词词 ，就是这句子结构的，就是这句子结构的“关节关节”和关键。深刻理和关键。深刻理解和正确运用每一个解和正确运用每一个关联关联词词是高水准英语的重要标志之一。是高水准英语的重要标志之一。n 然而在英语教学中，然而在英语教学中，关联关联词词却常成为一个不为人说重却常成为一个不为人说重视的视的 “小角色小角色”，以致许多同学到中学毕业时还对其不，以致许多同学到中学毕业时还对其不甚了了。甚
20、了了。英语关联英语关联词词 并列连词并列连词 1 1n并列连词并列连词 在句子中不做成分，仅表示前后关系。在句子中不做成分，仅表示前后关系。n1.1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分。用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分。n 1)1)连接语词：连接语词：slow but safe/either thisslow but safe/either thisn week or next week week or next weekn 2)2)连接分句：连接分句：I went and she also.I went and she also.n2.2.可分别表示下列关系。可分别表示下列关系。n 1 1）转
21、折：）转折：but,yet,however,but,yet,however,nevertheneverthe-n less lessn 2)2)因果：因果：so,for,thereforeso,for,thereforen 3)3)选择：选择：or,eitheror,neithernoror,eitheror,neithernor 英语关联英语关联词词 并列连接词并列连接词 2 2n 4 4）并列和递进：）并列和递进：and,bothand,as well asand,bothand,as well asn not onlybut(also)not onlybut(also)英语关联英语关联词
22、词 关联词关联词n关联词关联词 用于引导从句。用于引导从句。n1.1.名词从句名词从句:He He doesndoesnt know what she is.t know what she is.n2.2.副词从句：副词从句：If he comes,IIf he comes,Ill ll give it give it n to you.to you.n3.3.形容词从句：形容词从句：Hes the best student IHes the best student Iveven ever taught.ever taught.英语关联英语关联词词 连接词连接词 1 1 n关联词的类别及所表
23、示的关系关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从要特别注意关联词在从句中（及某些连接词在短语中）所担当的成分，这是句中（及某些连接词在短语中）所担当的成分，这是正确使用关连词的关键。正确使用关连词的关键。n1.1.连接词：引导名词从句，连接词：引导名词从句，在从句中不做成分在从句中不做成分。n 1)that 1)that（无含义）无含义）：n I said that he was wrong.I said that he was wrong.n 2)whether(if)2)whether(if)（表示不确定性或选择关系）：表示不确定性或选择关系）：n I dont know whet
24、her it is correct.I dont know whether it is correct.英语关联英语关联词词 连接词连接词 2 2n n2.2.连接代词连接代词 n 1)1)引导名词从句，引导名词从句，在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和n 定语。定语。n A.who/which A.who/which 作主语作主语（口语（口语whowho中可中可做宾语做宾语,n 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词）:n I asked him who came into the I asked him who came into the n
25、room./I asked him who(m)he saw room./I asked him who(m)he sawn whom/which whom/which 做宾语做宾语:n Ask him which he wants.Ask him which he wants.英语关联英语关联词词 关联词关联词 3 3n C.whose C.whose 做宾语做宾语(=(=whose thing(s)whose thing(s)/定定n 语：语：n I wonder whose house that is.I wonder whose house that is.n D.what D.wha
26、t 做上面提及的做上面提及的各种成分各种成分:n I dont know what I should do.I dont know what I should do.n What can be done?What can be done?n 2 2）与不定式连用与不定式连用,在其中在其中多做主语和宾语多做主语和宾语。n We cant decide whom to invite.We cant decide whom to invite.n We must decide what to do.We must decide what to do.n I I couldncouldnt decid
27、e which to choose.t decide which to choose.英语关联英语关联词词 关联词关联词 4 4n3.3.连接副词连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用，在从句引导名词从句或与不定式连用，在从句n 中中做状语做状语。n 1)how:Thats how I look at it.1)how:Thats how I look at it.n 2)where:I dont know where he lives.2)where:I dont know where he lives.n 3)when:Tell me when to use the tool.3)when:
28、Tell me when to use the tool.n 4)why:I 4)why:Ill ll tell you why you have totell you why you have ton do it.do it.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 1 1n4.4.关系代词关系代词n 1)who 1)who 表示人，在从句中表示人，在从句中做主语和表语做主语和表语（口语（口语n who who中可中可做宾语做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用但其前面不可有与其配合使用n 的介词的介词）:n The man who spoke is my teacher.The man who sp
29、oke is my teacher.n I dont know who he is I dont know who he is。n The man who I saw told me that.The man who I saw told me that.n 2)2)whom whom 表示人，在从句中做宾表示人，在从句中做宾语和表语语和表语：n The man whom I saw told me that.The man whom I saw told me that.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 2 2n 3)3)whose whose 表示表示“某人某人/物的物的”，of whi
30、chof which表示表示n “某物的某物的”，在从句中做在从句中做定语：定语：n Thats the man whose son is my Thats the man whose son is my n pupil.pupil.n The room whose window faces south The room whose window faces southn is her bedroom.is her bedroom.n The room The room of which of which thethe window faces window facesn south is h
31、er bedroom.south is her bedroom.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 3 3n4)which 4)which 表示物，在从句中表示物，在从句中做主语和表语做主语和表语:n I like the picture which was takenI like the picture which was takenn in front of the main building.in front of the main building.n5)that 5)that 表示人表示人/物，在从句中物，在从句中做主语和宾语做主语和宾语;注注n 意下列关于意下列关于thatthat
32、作为关系代词的用法。作为关系代词的用法。n A.A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时：现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时：n This is the best film This is the best film thatthat I Ive ve n ever seen.ever seen.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 4 4n B.B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时：先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时：n the first,the last,the only,the the first,the last,the only,then same,the very,all,any,no,sam
33、e,the very,all,any,no,n every.every.n This is the last chance This is the last chance thatthat you you n have.have.n You are the only friend You are the only friend thatthat I I n have.have.n He told me all He told me all thatthat he knew.he knew.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 5 5n C.C.先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时：先行词是下列
34、不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时：n much,little,none,everything/body,much,little,none,everything/body,n nothing,nobody.nothing,nobody.n Theres nothing in the world Theres nothing in the world thatthat n can frighten him.can frighten him.n D.D.以以Who/WhichWho/Which开始的句子，其后的定语从句中开始的句子，其后的定语从句中n 的关系代词不使用的关系代词不使用who/which,w
35、ho/which,而代之以而代之以thatthat。n Who Who thatthat knows him would trust him?knows him would trust him?n Which of these buses is the one Which of these buses is the one n that that goes to London?goes to London?英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 6 6n E.E.人和事物人和事物/动物同为先行词时：动物同为先行词时：n The man and the horse that fell The man
36、 and the horse that fell n into the river were drowned.into the river were drowned.n6)6)关系代词做介词宾语。关系代词做介词宾语。n A.A.一般介词可放在一般介词可放在whom/whichwhom/which的前面或其所的前面或其所n 在的从句的句尾，关系代词为在的从句的句尾，关系代词为thatthat时，只可时，只可n 放在其所在的从句的句尾。放在其所在的从句的句尾。n Is this the car Is this the car for whichfor which you you n paid a
37、high price?paid a high price?英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 7 7n Is this the car Is this the car which which you paid you paid n a high price a high price forfor?n Is this the car Is this the car thatthat you paid a you paid a n high price high price forfor?n Is this the car you paid a high Is this the car you p
38、aid a high n price for?price for?n B.B.介词介词during,exceptduring,except以及表示（从整体中）以及表示（从整体中）n “分割分割”（出部分）的介词（出部分）的介词ofof等介词要放在等介词要放在关关n 系代词的前面：系代词的前面：英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 8 8n The years The years during whichduring which he was away he was awayn were long years to her.were long years to her.n He wrote man
39、y books,He wrote many books,some of whichsome of which C.C.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后须放在其动词之后，不可放在关系代词之前：不可放在关系代词之前：n This is the book This is the book which which he has been he has beenn looking looking forfor.n 7)7)关系代词的省略。关系代词的省略。n A.A.关系代词作宾语时：关系代词作宾语时：n The girl I work T
40、he girl I work withwith is coming.is coming.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 9 9n B.thatB.that在定语从句中做表语时：在定语从句中做表语时：n He is not the man He is not the man that that he was he was n when I saw him first.when I saw him first.n He is not the man he was when I He is not the man he was when I n saw him first.saw him fir
41、st.n5.5.关系副词关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语。在定语从句中均做状语。n 1 1）where where 地点：地点：n Thats one point Thats one point wherewhere Id like Id like n your advice.your advice.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 10 10n 2)when 2)when 时间：时间：n At the time At the time whenwhen I saw him,he was I saw him,he wasn ill.ill.n 3)why 3)why 原因：原因：n That
42、is the reason That is the reason whywhy I came so I came so n early.early.n 4)that 4)that 方式方式/时间时间/原因原因 n I like the way I like the way that/in whichthat/in which he he n did it.did it.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 11 11 That was the first time That was the first time(that)(that)I saw I saw him.him.n The reaso
43、n The reason why/thatwhy/that he was dismissed he was dismissedn is not easy to explain.is not easy to explain.n5)in which/at which=where5)in which/at which=wheren This is the school This is the school in which/at which/in which/at which/n where where he works.he works.n6)for which=why 6)for which=w
44、hy n I dont the reason I dont the reason for whichfor which he left.he left.英语关联英语关联词词 关系词关系词 12 12n 7)7)on which=whenon which=whenn The day on which she was born was 22 The day on which she was born was 22 n September,1988.September,1988.英语介词和关联英语介词和关联词词 试题与思路试题与思路n1.1.The doctor will be free _.The
45、 doctor will be free _.nA.in ten minutes B.10 minutes laterA.in ten minutes B.10 minutes laternC.after 10 minutes D.10 minutes afterC.after 10 minutes D.10 minutes aftern选选A A。inin和将来时连用表示的是某段时间的终结点。和将来时连用表示的是某段时间的终结点。afterafter表示某个时间点之后的任一时间。表示某个时间点之后的任一时间。laterlater强调强调的是在某个时间点之后。的是在某个时间点之后。n2._ 2
46、._ all the students,whom do you all the students,whom do you regard most highly?regard most highly?nA.Of B.About C.From D.In A.Of B.About C.From D.In n选选A A。由由most highlymost highly可知句首的短语是表示比较范可知句首的短语是表示比较范围的状语。当给出所比较的人、事物所在的范围时，围的状语。当给出所比较的人、事物所在的范围时，用用in;in;给出所比较的人、事物的名称时用给出所比较的人、事物的名称时用ofof。英语介词
47、和关联英语介词和关联词词 试题与思路试题与思路n3.3.He was praised _ his sense of duty.He was praised _ his sense of duty.nA.about B.by C.for D.ofA.about B.by C.for D.ofn选选C C。句子要表达的是受表扬的原因，所以选句子要表达的是受表扬的原因，所以选forfor。n4.The key _ success is hard work.4.The key _ success is hard work.nA.on B.to C.in D.forA.on B.to C.in D.fo
48、rn选选B B。表示表示“进入、达到、对于进入、达到、对于”等含义的名词，需要等含义的名词，需要和和toto连用。连用。n5.5.Alice has a large collection of Alice has a large collection of photos,_ was taken in London.photos,_ was taken in London.nA.none of them B.no one of whichA.none of them B.no one of whichnC.all of which D.none of whichC.all of which D.
49、none of which 英语介词和关联英语介词和关联词词 试题与思路试题与思路n选选D D。逗号后是一个定语从句，要有关系词来引导，可逗号后是一个定语从句，要有关系词来引导，可知知A A不可；从从句的单数动词不可；从从句的单数动词waswas可知可知C C不可；从不可；从no no one one 是表示人而且不可同是表示人而且不可同ofof短语连用，可知其不可。短语连用，可知其不可。n6.6.You are saying that everyone should You are saying that everyone should be equal,and this is_ I dis
50、agree.be equal,and this is_ I disagree.nA.why B.where C.what D.howA.why B.where C.what D.how 选选B B。由由disagreedisagree是不及物动词可知应选一连接副词是不及物动词可知应选一连接副词来表达来表达“在某处在某处/某方面某方面”之意，所以选之意，所以选B B。7.Mary cant be admitted to a 7.Mary cant be admitted to a universiuniversi-tyty next fall _ she can afford her next
