1、Module 3The Violence of NatureGrammar过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语【新知导引新知导引】.用所给动词的适当形式填空用所给动词的适当形式填空1.By the time the tornado ended,more than 700 people _(kill).2.Coghlan travelled back to Canadaafter he _(bury)in Texas!3.Arriving home,she found all the furniture _(flood).had been killedhad been b
2、uriedhad been flooded.将下列直接引语的句子变为间接引语将下列直接引语的句子变为间接引语1.He said,“My brother failed in the exam this week.”He said _ that week.2.He says,“Is Tom a student or a teacher?”He asks _.3.He asked me,“Do you like playing football?”He asked me _.that his brother had failed in the examwhether/if Tom is a stud
3、ent or a teacherif/whether I liked playing football【知识详解知识详解】一一.过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态1.构成：构成：had+been+done。2.概念：表示在过去某个动作或时间以前已被做的事情。概念：表示在过去某个动作或时间以前已被做的事情。3.用法：用法：(1)在在told,said,knew,heard,thought，found等动词后的宾语从句中，等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。*She said(that)sh
4、e had never been shown around Paris.她说从来没有人领她参观过巴黎。她说从来没有人领她参观过巴黎。(she和和show之间是被动关系，且之间是被动关系，且show这一动作发生在这一动作发生在said之前之前)(2)before,by the time,until,when,after,once,as soon as等引导的状语等引导的状语从句中的谓语是一般过去时，以及从句中的谓语是一般过去时，以及by，before,until后面接过去的时后面接过去的时间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，间时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之
5、前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。要用过去完成时的被动语态。*By the time he was twelve,my brother had been sent to America.我我哥哥哥哥12岁前就已经被送到了美国。岁前就已经被送到了美国。(by the time相当于相当于before,表示表示“在在之前之前”，从句中的动作表示过去，主句中的，从句中的动作表示过去，主句中的send这一动作发这一动作发生在从句的动作之前生在从句的动作之前)【即学活用即学活用】用所给动词或短语用所给动词或短语的适当形式填空。的适当形式填空。By the time Edison was ten,
6、a chemistry lab _(build).The dish _(eat up)when I got there._ the new plan _(discuss)before the meeting?Was the boy reminded that his homework _(not hand in)?Which hospital _ Mary _(send)to before midnight?The couple said that the flowers were so lovely that they _(sell)in no time.had been builthad
7、been eaten upHadbeen discussedhad not been handed inhadbeen senthad beensold二二.间接引语间接引语直接引语表示直接引述别人的原话。通常都用引号括起来。直接引语表示直接引述别人的原话。通常都用引号括起来。间接引语表示用自己的话把别人的话转述出来。间接引语在多数间接引语表示用自己的话把别人的话转述出来。间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。情况下都构成一个宾语从句。直接引语改为间接引语，在语序、人称、时态和状语方面会做相直接引语改为间接引语，在语序、人称、时态和状语方面会做相应变化。应变化。1.动词的时态的变化：动词的时
8、态的变化：直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时*“Where do you usually have lunch？”he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.2.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化：直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语
9、thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythat dayyesterdaythe day before直接引语直接引语间接引语间接引语last yearthe year beforeagobeforetomorrowthe next daynext monththe next monthheretherecomegobringtake*“I will never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul.Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.*She
10、 said to me,“I came here five years ago.”She told me she had been there five years before.*He said to me，“I will see her next week.”He told me he would see her the next week.3.句式的转换句式的转换:(1)转述他人的陈述转述他人的陈述陈述句的转换陈述句的转换:(2)转述他人的疑问转述他人的疑问一般疑问句的转换一般疑问句的转换:(3)转述他人的问题转述他人的问题特殊疑问句特殊疑问句:(4)选择疑问句的转换选择疑问句的转换:用
11、用whether.or.表达表达,而不用而不用if.or.,也不用也不用either.or.。He asked,“Do you speak English or French?”He asked me whether I spoke English or French.(5)祈使句的转换祈使句的转换:4.直接引语变间接引语的特殊情况直接引语变间接引语的特殊情况:(1)时态不变的情况。时态不变的情况。直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。*He said,“The earth goes around the sun.”He said that the ear
12、th goes around the sun.当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时,间接引语仍然用一般过间接引语仍然用一般过去时。去时。*Mr Wang said,“I was born in China in September,1972.”Mr Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.当直接引语是过去完成时态时。当直接引语是过去完成时态时。*She said,“They had left when I arrived here.”She said they had left when she ar
13、rived there.当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。*He said,“The plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.”He said that the plane takes off at 6:30 a.m.(2)如果在当天转述别人说过的话如果在当天转述别人说过的话,时间状语可不变时间状语可不变;如果在当地转述如果在当地转述,地点状语和动词也不必改变。地点状语和动词也不必改变。*He said,“Ill be back tonight.”He said that he will be back tonight.【即学活用即学活用】将下列句子变
14、为间接引语。将下列句子变为间接引语。Jack said,“I have been working here for a dozen years.”_He said to me,“I read it yesterday.”_The teacher said,“Please bring all the books downstairs up here.”_Jack said that he had been working there for a dozen years.He told me that he had read it the day before.The teacher asked
15、the students to take all the books downstairsup there.The teacher said,“Columbus discovered America in 1492.”_“How much did you pay for the computer?”he asked._The teacher said that Columbus discovered America in 1492.He asked how much I paid for the computer.【典题研习典题研习】(2011北京高考北京高考)Experiments of t
16、his kind_(conduct)in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.【思路演示思路演示】分析句式分析句式:该句为简单句该句为简单句,in both the U.S.and Europe是地点状语是地点状语,before the Second World War是时间状语。是时间状语。理清句意理清句意:第二次世界大战前在美国和欧洲都进行过该类实验。第二次世界大战前在美国和欧洲都进行过该类实验。抓取关键抓取关键:before the Second World War是表示过去的时间状语是表示过去的时间状语,co
17、nduct在在the Second World War之前之前,故是故是“过去的过去过去的过去”,用过去完用过去完成时成时;又因又因experiments与与conduct之间为动宾关系之间为动宾关系,故句子谓语用过去故句子谓语用过去完成时的被动语态。完成时的被动语态。断定答案断定答案:had been conducted。【即学活用即学活用】用适当的连词或所给词的适当形式填空。用适当的连词或所给词的适当形式填空。1.(2015福建高考福建高考)I wonder_ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out eve
18、ry day.【解析解析】how。考查名词性从句。句意。考查名词性从句。句意:我想知道玛丽这些年是我想知道玛丽这些年是如何保持她的身材的。如何保持她的身材的。通过每天锻炼。根据答语可知问句中问的通过每天锻炼。根据答语可知问句中问的是是“保持身材的方法保持身材的方法”,故用故用how。2.(2015四川高考四川高考)The exhibition tells us_ we should do something to stop air pollution.【解析解析】why。考查宾语从句。句意。考查宾语从句。句意:这个展览告诉我们为什么我们这个展览告诉我们为什么我们要采取措施来制止空气污染。根据语
19、境可知这里表示原因要采取措施来制止空气污染。根据语境可知这里表示原因,故要用故要用why来引导。来引导。3.(2014天津高考天津高考)I thinkimpresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.【解析解析】what。句意。句意:我认为我认为,他的画让我印象深刻的是他使用的色他的画让我印象深刻的是他使用的色彩。彩。what在句中引导主语从句在句中引导主语从句,又在从句中作主语。又在从句中作主语。4.(2012北京高考北京高考)Have you heard about that fire in the market?Yes,fort
20、unately no one_(hurt).【解析解析】was hurt。句意。句意:你听说市场上的那场火灾了吗你听说市场上的那场火灾了吗?是是的的,幸运的是没有人受伤。谓语动词幸运的是没有人受伤。谓语动词hurt和主语和主语no one之间是动宾关之间是动宾关系系,应用被动语态应用被动语态;此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时。应用一般过去时。【真题备选真题备选】1.(2014福建高考福建高考)Pick yourself up.Courage is doing_ youre afraid to do.【解析解析】what。句意。句意:站起来。有了勇气站起来
21、。有了勇气,你才可以去做你不敢做的你才可以去做你不敢做的事情。事情。what在句中充当引导词在句中充当引导词,同时也是动词同时也是动词do的宾语。的宾语。2.(2014北京高考北京高考)Some people believe_ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.【解析解析】whatever/what。考查名词性从句。句意。考查名词性从句。句意:有些人相信已经发有些人相信已经发生的或正在发生的任何事情将来都会重复发生。生的或正在发生的任何事情将来都会重复发生。believe后面是宾语从
22、后面是宾语从句句,宾语从句中缺少主语宾语从句中缺少主语,只能选择连接代词只能选择连接代词whatever或或what。3.(2013湖南高考湖南高考)Do not let any failures discourage you,for you can never tell_ close you may be to victory.【解析解析】how。句意。句意:不要让任何失败阻止你不要让任何失败阻止你,因为你永远不会知道你因为你永远不会知道你离胜利有多么近。离胜利有多么近。how在句中引导宾语从句在句中引导宾语从句,常用于常用于“how+adj.+主主语语+谓语谓语+其他其他”结构中结构中,意
23、为意为“多么多么”。4.(2013山东高考山东高考)Its good to know_ the dogs will be well cared for while were away.【解析解析】that。句意。句意:当我们不在的时候当我们不在的时候,知道这些狗会被好好地照顾知道这些狗会被好好地照顾真是太好了。本句中真是太好了。本句中it是形式主语是形式主语,代替后面的不定式代替后面的不定式to know;动词动词know后跟一个宾语从句后跟一个宾语从句,由于宾语从句中主谓结构完整由于宾语从句中主谓结构完整,所以用连词所以用连词that引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句。5.(2013北京高考北京高考
24、)Experts believe_ people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.【解析解析】that。句意。句意:专家们相信人们只在必要的时候购物能减少食专家们相信人们只在必要的时候购物能减少食品浪费。品浪费。that引导宾语从句引导宾语从句,不作任何成分不作任何成分,只起连接作用。只起连接作用。6.(2013新课标全国卷新课标全国卷)Police have found_ appears to be the lost ancient statue.【解析解析】what。考查宾语从句。句意。考查宾语从句。句意:
25、警察发现了疑似失窃的古老雕警察发现了疑似失窃的古老雕像。像。what引导宾语从句引导宾语从句,并在从句中作主语。并在从句中作主语。7.(2012北京高考北京高考)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt_ he could have expressed it differently.【解析解析】that。句意。句意:Jerry并不后悔提出自己的意见并不后悔提出自己的意见,但是他感觉他但是他感觉他本来可以换种方式表达的。由句式结构可知本来可以换种方式表达的。由句式结构可知felt后面是一个宾语从句后面是一个宾语从句,从句中不缺少任何成分从句中不缺少任何成分,故应用故应用that引导。引导。8.(2012四川高考四川高考)Scientists study_ human brains work to make computers.【解析解析】how。句意。句意:科学家们研究人类的大脑怎样工作来制造电脑。科学家们研究人类的大脑怎样工作来制造电脑。此处此处how引导名词性从句引导名词性从句,相当于相当于the way in which,意为意为“怎样怎样,怎怎么么”。谢谢谢谢
