1、Welcome to Welcome to our classour class语法框架图语法框架图按使用目的分按使用目的分语法框架图语法框架图、1.主语主语+谓语谓语2.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语3.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语4.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语5.主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语1,定语从句定语从句2.名词性从句名词性从句3.状语从句状语从句1.表语从句表语从句2.主语从句主语从句3.宾语从句宾语从句4.同位语从句同位语从句条件条件,结果结果,方式方式,让步让步,时间时间,比较比较.在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名
2、词性从句主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 状语从句1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句3.原因状语从句4.条件状语从句5.让步状语从句6.目的状语从句7.结果状语从句8.方式状语从句9.比较状语从句 1.状语定义状语定义:合句中由合句中由从句从句担任状语，称作状担任状语，称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语、定语或状语，或语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语、定语或状语，或是整个句子是整个句子2.当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语从是状语从句。句。分类如下：分类如下：时间时间地点地点条件条件让步让步原因原因目的目的结果结果比较比较方式方式状语从句一一.时间状语从句
3、时间状语从句1.注意时态一致注意时态一致.一般情况下一般情况下:主句主句 是是将来时将来时的时候的时候,从句从句 用用一般现在时一般现在时1.表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。生或几乎同时发生。引导词可分为两部分 as while when whenever before after until(till)since as soon asevery timenext timethe first/timethe momentthe minute/instantlyimmediatelydirectly(一就)as引导的时间状语从句,可以表达
4、“正当”，“一 边一边”，“随着”等意思。1.表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生表示某事一发生，另一事立即发生。As the sun rose,the fog disappeared.2.表示在某事发生的过程中，另一事发生表示在某事发生的过程中，另一事发生。Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion.3.表示两个动作同时发生表示两个动作同时发生。Helen sang a song as she washed.4.表示表示“随着随着.”.常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果。常指一个行为是另一个行为的结果。As she grew older,she
5、 became more beautiful.1.as,while,when的区别while:持续性动词持续性动词 进行时进行时1.一般或现在情况一般或现在情况2.将来情况将来情况V一般现在时或现在进行时3.过去情况过去情况e.g.I like listening to music while I am doing my homework.e.g.Im going to the post office.-While you are there,can you get some stamps for me?e.g.I hurt my should while I was doing gym.Wh
6、en:1.当当的时候的时候When I was young,I went to town myself.When he receives the letter,hell tell us.before引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句 1.常译为常译为“在在之前之前”，2.表示表示主句主句的动作发生在的动作发生在从句从句的动作的动作之前之前。1.We clean the classroom before we leave school every day.2.It will not be long before you regret for what youve done.after引导的时间
7、状语从句引导的时间状语从句1.常译为常译为“在在之后之后”，2.表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。1.After you use plastic bags,you mustnt throw them about.用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。since引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句1.常译为常译为“自从自从”，2.主句常用主句常用现在完成时现在完成时，从句常用，从句常用一般过去时一般过去时。1.我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。We havent seen each other since we parted.常用句型：常用句型：It has been(
8、is)+时间段时间段+since从句从句 “自从自从有多长时间了有多长时间了”2.自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了。It has been(is)six years since she graduated from the university.before,after,since1.He had left the town the day _ she arrived.2.It was not long _ he left his hometown.3.I played football _ I(had)finished my homework4.Please tell her Ill come
9、 _ I do some shopping.5.It will not be long _ we meat each other again.6.It _ (be)two years since we _(begin)to use this machine.beforeafterbeforebeforeafteris/has beenbeganuntil/till引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句1.常译为常译为“直到直到时时”，2.表示主句动作发生在从句之前表示主句动作发生在从句之前。当主句谓语动词是延续性动词延续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式肯定形式。1：我会待在这里，直到你回来。Ill I
10、ll staystay here here untiluntil you come back you come back.当主句谓语动词是非延续性动词是非延续性动词时,主句常用否定形式否定形式。not until“直到才”，这时until 可用before替换。He didnt go to bed until he finished his homework.2.他直到做完作业才睡觉。as soon as引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句1.译为译为“一一就就”，2.表示从句动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生表示从句动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。1.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。I will
11、tell him about it as soon as he comes back.2.相当于相当于as soon as 用法的词或短语还有用法的词或短语还有：immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant等.2.Ill give him your message the minute he arrives.1.Directly I had done it,I knew I had made a mistake.名词短语名词短语引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句 1.the moment,the minute
12、,3.the instant,the time,5.the hour,the day,7.by the time,each time,9.every time,next time,any time等也可以引导时间状语从句也可以引导时间状语从句。1.I thought her nice and honest the first time I saw her.2.By the time you arrived,the lecture had already ended.3.By the time he comes,we will already have left.1.When every tim
13、e I was in trouble,he would come to help me.2.At next time you come,do remember bring your son here.3.For the first time I met the girl.I felt in love with her.4.You are welcome to come back at any time you want to.5.At the last time she saw James,he was lying in bed.语法规则：语法规则：every time,each time,n
14、ext time,the first time,any time 等名词短语引导状语从句不加介词不加介词。考点考点:名词短语引导时间状语从句名词短语引导时间状语从句其他连词其他连词引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句1.no sooner than,hardly/scarcely/barelywhen2.从句用从句用一般过去时一般过去时，主句用，主句用过去完成时过去完成时。3.当当no sooner,hardly/scarcely/barely位于句首时，位于句首时，主句要用主句要用部分倒装部分倒装。1.I had no sooner begun to talk than he rang of
15、f.2.No sooner had I begun to talk than he rang off.我还未来得及讲话，他就挂断了电话。1.用连接副词用连接副词 where或或wherever 引导引导。.a.Just stay where you are.b.Where there is a will,there is a way.c.You can sit wherever you like.d.Wherever you go,Ill be right here waiting for you.1.When he reads a book,his habit is to make a ma
16、rk _ the meaning is unclear to him.A.there B.wherever C.the place D.in which1.Where-的地方 2.Wherever=no matter where-不论何处Go where you want.Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.Wherever there is smoke,there is fire.地点状语从句
17、地点状语从句定语从句定语从句1.表示主句中的表示主句中的某一动作或状态某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导所发生的原因。引导这种从句这种从句 2.常用的连接词是：常用的连接词是：because,as,since,now that,for,和和considering that,seeing that 这七个连词都用这七个连词都用于表示表示原因于表示表示原因,但在语气上一个比一个弱。但在语气上一个比一个弱。e.g.He didnt come to school because he was ill.c.f.He might be ill,for he didnt come to school.表示“直
18、接”原因。表示“间接的推断”原因.不可出现在句首。because,since,as,for的区别:1.because直接原因直接原因，非推断语气最强 回答why的问题。2.since 通常放句首放句首译为“既然”3.as 不谈自明不谈自明的原因，语气最弱。4.for 放句中放句中，引导后半句表原因,或补充推断的理由。1.because:因为因为,2.As:“由于由于”,表示较为明显的原因表示较为明显的原因,语气弱语气弱As you request it,I will come.3.Since:”既然既然”表示对方已经知道的事实或理由表示对方已经知道的事实或理由Since everybody i
19、s here,lets begin.4.now that：因为：因为,既然已既然已,现在已经现在已经Now that Ive seen how he lives,I know why he needs so much money.结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由 so,so that,such that;so that 等引导。a.So quickly did he run that I couldnt catch up with him.b.The bus broke down so that we had to walk home.c.She is such a good teacher t
20、hat everyone admires her.d.He got to the station finally,only to find the train had left.so that,such that 1.so+形容词形容词/副词副词+that从句从句 2.so+形容词形容词+a/an+可数名词单数可数名词单数that从从句句 3.such+a/an形容词形容词+可数名词单数可数名词单数+that从句从句 4.such+形容词形容词+可数名词可数名词复数复数/不可数名不可数名词词+that 5.so+many/much/few/little+名词名词+thatSuch+a lot
21、of/lots of+名词名词+that从句从句1.He was so excited that he couldnt go to sleep last night.2.It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.3.It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.当So 或 such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序So interesting is it that all of us want to read it.引导目的状语从句的连词:in
22、 order that 用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。so thata.较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，so 有时可省;从句中要有情态动词,否则,就成为下一种句型：b.无情态动词则引导结果状语从句。for fear that;in case;lest(以免)等。e.g.a.Well sit nearer the front so that we can hear better.b.I shall write it down lest I should forget.注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用 so as to do 或 in order to do e.g.He ran
23、 fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock.He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.so that:以便以便,目的是目的是in order that:以便以便 for fear thatLest 以防以防,惟恐惟恐in casein order that句首句中so that句中目的状语从句中谓语动词要用should+do1.Take your umbrella in case it should rain.2.They worked harder than usua
24、l in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.3.I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget it.1.1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般一般现在时现在时表示将来。表示将来。条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if,unless (除非),as/so long as(只要),on condition(只要),once(一旦),i
25、n case(假使),providing/provided(that)等。e.g.a.Well come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.b.We should serve the people as/so long as we live.连连 词词连词连词:并列连词并列连词和和从属连词从属连词两大类。两大类。1.并列连词并列连词:连接主语与主语，谓语连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式相同的形式和语法作用和语法作用；2.从属连词从属连词
26、:一般连接一般连接主句与从句主句与从句，从句形式从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等状语从句等。引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if,unless(=if not除非),so/as long as（只要）,in case（万一）,on condition that（条件是）,suppose/supposing（假设，如果）,provided that（如果）主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导通常用下列词语引导:as,just as,as if,as though,the way(that),in the w
27、ay(that)等等。a.We must do as the Party tells us.b.Leave the things as they are.c.Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.d.It sounds as if it is raining.e.They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他们以我从没见过的方式行事。f.As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水引导方式状语从句的连词有as,jus
28、t as,正如,as if,as though好像Do as you are told to,or you will be fired.The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.I feel as if I have a fever.让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。常用引导词：though,although,even if,even though,no matter+疑问词(what/who/where/when/which/how)疑问词-ever(whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,h
29、owever,whichever)特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装要倒装)，while(一般用在句首一般用在句首)，whether or,whether()or not一、although/though,even if,even though 引导让步状语从句,不能和but连用He is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money.Although/though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football.Even if/though it is raining,we
30、will go there.注意Though还可用作副词，意思为可是，然而，置于句末He said he would come;he didnt,though.二、as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况as或though从句一般放在主句之前主句之前，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.Much as/though I like,I wont buy it,for its too expensive.Try as/though he might,he could n
31、ot find a job.Although引导让步状语从句只能用正常语序as引导让步状语从句引导让步状语从句，必须将从句中的 、以及谓语中的 提前至从句句首，作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需 。表语状语实意动词省略Though he works hard,he makes little progress.Hard as/though he works,he makes little progress.Though he was a child,he knew what was the right thing to do.Child as/though he was,he knew wh
32、at was the right thing to do.Though you may object,Ill go.Object as you may,Ill go.whether or,whether()or notwhether or,whether or not 表示“不论是否”，“不管是还是”。其引导的从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。Whether you believe it or not,it is true.Youll have to attend the party whether you are free or busy.while 也可以引导让步状
33、语从句，意为“尽管”，语气比though/although弱。其引导的从句一般位于 。句首例句：我尽管喜欢它的颜色，但不喜欢它的形状。While I like its color,I dont like its shape.三、whetheror不管.还是；疑问词+ever 与 no matter+疑问词(不管;无论)Whether you believe it or not,it is true.Whatever(no matter what)you say,he wont believe you.Whoever(no matter who)you are,you must obey the
34、 rules.Whoever,whatever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句You can take whatever you like.though,although 判断以下句子是否正确：Although he is rich,but he is not happy.Although he is rich,yet he is not happy.Although we have grown up,our parents still treat us as children.要点归纳：though,although当“虽然”讲,都不能和 but 连用.但是他们都可以同yet(sti
35、ll)连用.ever if,even thougheven if 和 even though 表示“”即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.no matter+疑问词 疑问词-everNo matter what happened,he would not mind.Whatever happened,he would not mind.替换：no matter what=whatever no matter who=whoever no matter when=whenever no matter where=wherever n
36、o matter which=whichever no matter how=however 判断正误：No matter what you say is of no use now.Whatever you say is of no use now.归纳：no matter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，而“疑问词+ever”则可以 四、when和while也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于althoughSuddenly she stopped when she ought to have continued.比较状语从句常由下列词语引导：as as,not so/as as,moreth
37、an,less than,the more+adj./adv.,the more+adj./adv.a.He is not so/as healthy as his brother.b.They jumped up and down as hard as they could.c.John is less clever than Peter.d.The busier he is,the happier he feels.e.The job is not so difficult as I thought it would be.f.Send for a doctor as soon as(it
38、 is)possible.注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意句子结构和句意来判别。以来判别。以where和和as为例，能引导多种从句。为例，能引导多种从句。1.You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语（地点状语从句）从句）2.Tell me the address where he lives.（定（定语从句，句中有先行词）语从句，句中有先行词）3.I dont know where he came from.（宾语从句（宾语从句）4.Where he
39、 has gone is not known yet.（主（主语从句）语从句）5.This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）（表语从句）部分状语从句可用省略形式：部分状语从句可用省略形式：even if,if,once,while,though,unless,when,as if etc.1.The flower his friends gave him will die unless(it is)watered every day.2.Even if(I am)invited,I wont go there.3.Once(you are)caught s
40、leeping in class,youll be punished by your head-teacher.4.Though(he was)surprised to see us,he gave us a warm welcome.5.She wont speak to anyone unless(she is)asked to.6.When(it is)compared with the old one,our new house is really like a palace.7.These young man volunteered to go wherever(they are)needed.“as”用于不同的状语从句中用于不同的状语从句中1.She sang as she worked.2.Smart as he is,he doesnt study hard.3.You must try to do as I did.4.She doesnt do her work as carefully as I.5.As she was late for class,she had to say sorry.
