1、 一定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。汉语中常用的表示。定语主要由形容词担任。此外名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词也可以做定语。a beautiful city; a bag full of money.注意：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，若是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，thirty women teachers ; his father; the girl in red. the boy from AmericaOur monitor is always the fir
2、st student to enter the classroom.falling leaves; fallen leaves; the boy playing basketball; the book bought by my mother; a readingroom; a swimming poolHe is the man who you are looking for.二：定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关
3、系代词有 that,which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有 when, where, why.1. I have an apple. An apple is red.I have an apple that/which is red. 先行词关系代词2.I like some friends. Some friends like sports.I like friends who like sports.先行词关系代词3.I like music. The music is quiet.I like music that/which is quiet.先行词关系代
4、词关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句，连接主从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Those who want to go to the museummust be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had losthis way. That is the teacher who teac
5、hes us physics. 2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I wantto see. The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. The girl ( whom ) the teacher oftenpraises is our monitor.注意：关系代词 whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who来代替，也可省略。The ma
6、n ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. He likes to read books which are written byforeign writers. The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. The film ( which ) th
7、ey went to see last night was not interesting at all.。4That即可指人，也可指物.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? The person that /whom you introduced to meis very kind.The season that /
8、which comes after spring is summer.Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.5Whose即可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is adoctor.I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The
9、classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（一）限制性定语从句中只能用 that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something除外), all, none,
10、 few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.All that can be done has been done.。There is little that I can do for you.He stayed in the library a
11、nd looked up any information that they needed.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. All the guests that / who wereinvited to her wedding were important people.2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
12、如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.4当先行词被 the very, the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.5当先行词前面
13、有 who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6当先行词为人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school（三）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。当先行词是表时间的名词，比如 time, day, week, month, year等；且定语从句中缺时间状语时用 when.若先行词是表时间的名词，
14、定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用 that/which引导。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The time when we got together finally arrived.Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandpare？Do youremember the days（that/which） we spent together last year? I will never forget the d
15、ayswhen we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.2 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。若先行词是表地点的名词，比如 park, city,farm, place等；且定语从句中缺地点状语时用 where.若先行词是表地点的名词，定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用 that/which引导。Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten ye
16、ars ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot ofcows were raised . Shanghai is the city (which/that) I want to visit.I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautifulnatural scenery.3 why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。若先行词是 reason;且定语从句中缺原因状语时，用 why引导
17、。若先行词是 reason，定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用 which/that引导。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.I didnt believe the reason (that/which) he explained to me注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：From the years when / in which he was going to primary scho
18、ol in the country he had knownwhat he wanted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking place in the city where / inwhich they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.（四）“介词+关系代词 which/whom”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。The school (which / that) he o
19、nce studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) Iplayed tennis with yesterday.This is the boy with whom I p
20、layed tennis with yesterday. Well go to hear the famous singer(whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whosecompany I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I wo
21、rk pays much attention to improving our working conditions.注意：含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor, look after, take care of等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very heal
22、thy. (正) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误）若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom，不可用 who, that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.(正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada wa
23、s really comfortable. (正) The plane in that we flew toCanada was really comfortable. (误)“介词+关系代词”前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone
24、bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.注意事项:如何判断关系代词和关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I s
25、tayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill n
26、ever forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，
27、先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用 that C可用 who代替 whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：
28、通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用 that C不可用 who代替 whom限制性定语从句举例： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a countrywhich has a long history.In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was found
29、ed in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are heldevery year.（二）关系代词 as和 which引导的定语从句as和 which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as和 which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural.他跟她结婚了，这是很
30、自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.John, as you know, is a famous writer.Zhang Hua has been
31、 to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.1.当先行词受 such, so, the same修饰时，关系词常用 as 。如：Ive never heard such stories as
32、he tells.He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.注意：当先行词受 the same修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与 as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. She wore the same dress as heryounger sister wore.(三)以 the way为先行词时，若定语从句中缺方式状语，定语从句通常由 in which
33、或 that引导，而且还可以省略。若定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用（that/which）引导定语从句。The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. I dont like the way (that/which) he told me.做定语从句题一般分三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关联词。Exercises:1.There are
34、three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys.A the smallest of which B the smaller of whichC the smallest of them D the smallest one2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time3.Alice has a large collecti
35、on of phone,_ was taken in london. A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _ village I taught before lived a happylife.A who B whose C in whose D in which5.There is a moutain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B
36、 of which C its D that6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this7.1)I have three children,and two of _ are doctors.2)I have three children, two of _ are doctors.8.There two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which
37、 B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds9.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well.A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which（1-6ABDCBC 7-9B DDC）特殊结构定语从句点击1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.A. like B. as C. that D. which2. I
38、ve never heard so interesting a story _ you told me.A. as B. that C. of which D. about which3. Ive seen the same film _ you saw yesterday.A. that B. which C. as D. like4. Ill buy the same coat _ you wear.A. that B. which C. as D. like5. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to s
39、cience.A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD. I think is6. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What7. This is the first time _ he has been here.A. that B. when C. at which D. which8. I dont like _ you speak to her.
40、A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which答案与简析：1.B。当先行词被 such修饰时，定语从句用 as引导，即构成结构为such+（a/an）形容词名词as引导的定语从句，意为.像.一样的。整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们原来估计的那样低的价格出售。2. A。由 so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一题的解释便可得知答案。as在定语从句中作宾语。整句意为：我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事。3. A4.C。当先行词被 same修饰时
41、，定语从句由 that或 as引导，但意思不同。用 that引导定 语从句指同一物，而用 as引导定语从句指同类事物。5. A。做此题的关键是要知道 I think在定语从句中作插入语，做题时将其去掉便可容易得到答案。6. B。s在此引导非限制性定语从句，代表它所修饰的整个句子内容，并且它可放在所修饰句子的前、中或后面。其常见结构如：as you know, as is said above, as is often thecase（情况经常是这样）等。如选，则需将逗号改为 that；如选 D，则需将逗号改为 isthat。7. A。当先行词为 the first time, the last
42、 time等时，定语从句的引导词用 that而不用when。8. A。当先行词为 way时，定语从句的引导词用 that或 in which,也可省略。定语从句1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _computers are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. w
43、hose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told youC. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in whi
44、ch C. which D. in where7. The comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D
45、. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the
46、 house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that D. whose14. Do you know the man _your father nodded ?A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt .A. that B. when C. which D. what16. I told you _I know . A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom17.C
