1、句子成分(MembersofaSentence)什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础
2、。英语五种基本句型列式如下:一:(主谓)二:(主系表)三:(主谓宾)四:(主谓间宾直宾)五:(主谓宾宾补)基本句型一:(主谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。(不及物动词)1.Thesunwasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Themoonr
3、ose.月亮升起了。3.Theuniverseremains.宇宙长存。4.Weallbreathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.Whocares?管它呢?6.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.他所讲的没有什么关系。7.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.他们谈了半个小时。8.Thepenwritessmoothly这支笔书写流利。基本句型二:(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be,look,k
4、eep,seem等属一类,表示情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表示变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达转变为之意,注意与动宾关系的区别。感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻 例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy (是系动词
5、)1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinnersmellsgood.午餐的气味很好。3.Hefellinlove.他堕入了情网。4.Everythinglooksdifferent.一切看来都不同了。5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwellhasgonedry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisfaceturnedred.他的脸红了。Therebe结构:Therebe表示存在有。这里的there没有
6、实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物试比较:Thereisaboythere.(那儿有一个男孩。)/前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。基本句型三:(主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格,如:me,him,them等例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a p
7、en. (及物动词)1.Whoknowstheanswer?谁知道答案?2.Shesmiledherthanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.他拒绝帮他们。4.Heenjoysreading.他喜欢看书。5.Theyatewhatwasleftover.他们吃了剩饭。6.HesaidGoodmorning.他说:早上好!7.Iwanttohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶。8.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.他承认犯了错误。基本句型四:(主谓间宾直宾)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示
8、。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如:Givemeacupoftea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为:动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如:ShowthishousetoMr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如:Bringittome, please.(及物)(多指人)(多指物)1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.H
9、ebroughtyouadictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.Hedenieshernothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。5.Ishowedhimmypictures.我给他看我的照片6.Igavemycarawash.我洗了我的汽车。7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.我告诉他汽车晚点了。8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.他教我开机器。基本句型五:(主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。
10、宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格+名词Thewarmadehimasoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethodsmakethejobeasy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.(及物)(宾语)(宾补)1.Th
11、eyappointedhimmanager.他们任命他当经理。2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.他们把门漆成绿色3.Thissetthemthinking.这使得他们要细想一想。4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.他们发现那房子无人居住。5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?他怎么会这样想?6.Wesawhimout.我们送他出去7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.他要我早点回来。8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,
12、通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、状语一、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词作定语:Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.(little修饰名词b
13、oy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tomisahandsomeboy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。Thereisagoodboy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词:Twoboysneedtwopens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。Thetwoboysarestudents./这两个男孩是学生。Therearetwoboysintheroom./房间里有两个男孩。代词或名词所有格作定语:HisboyneedsTomspen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。HisnameisTom./他的名字是汤姆。TherearetwoboysofTomsthere./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩
14、。介词短语作定语:Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。TheboyinblueisTom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。Therearetwoboysof9,andthreeof10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。名词作定语:Theboyneedsaballpen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。Itisaballpen./这是一支圆珠笔。Thereisonlyoneballpeninthepencilbox./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。副词作定语:Theboythereneedsapen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。Thebestbo
15、yhereisTom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定式作定语:Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。TheboytowritethisletterisTom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。Thereisnothingtodotoday./今天无事要做。分词(短语)作定语:Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina./她买的笔是中国产的。Therearefiveboysleft./有五个留下的男孩。定语从
16、句:Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。TheboyyouwillknowisTom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。Therearefiveboyswhowillplaythegame./参加游戏的男孩有五个。二、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地
17、点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:Theboycallsthegirlintheclassroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩(此时intheclassroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时intheclassroom为地点状语),最好写作Intheclassroom,theboycallsthegirl.副词(短语)作状语:Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状
18、语)Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语)介词短语作状语:Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语)Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩
19、子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)分词(短语)作状语:Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)不定式作状语:Theboyneedsapentodohishomework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业
20、。(目的状语)Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.名词作状语:Comethisway!/走这条路!(方向状语)状语从句:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句三、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生)Weallarestudents./(all是we的同
21、位语,都指同样的我们)四、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然,等。五、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语,
22、构成分词独立结构。例:错句:Studyinghard,yourscorewillgoup.正确:(1)Studyinghard,youcanmakeyourscoregoup.或(2)Ifyoustudyhard,yourscorewillgoup.解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既yourscore.显然做study的应是人,不应是yourscore(分数).正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致(同为you);正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立结构常省略being,havingbe
23、en.不过Therebeing.的场合不能省略.如:Game(being)over,hewenthome.Hestandsthere,book(being)inhand.独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如:Withnothingtodo,hefellasleepsoon./无事可做,他很快就睡着了。Theteachercamein,withglassesonhisnose./老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。(注意,此句onhisnose不可省略!)练习题(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词(4分,4分钟)T
24、heteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词(10分,10分钟)Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercom
25、es.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoonDidthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfastTomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didntC.doD.hishomeworkWhatI
26、wanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.isWehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctorHeisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.musicWhomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语(10分,10分钟)Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyo
27、urpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.TheydidntknowwhoFatherChristmasreal
28、lyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语(5分,5分钟)Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语(6分,6分钟)TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgot
29、tosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语(6分,6分钟)Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMrWanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayi
30、ngfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语(8分,8分钟)Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelo
31、stit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语(5分,5分钟)Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?1、_sixyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish. A.ItisB.IhavebeenC.Thereare
32、D.Itwas2、_intheroomatthattime. A.NobodywasB.SomeonewereC.WhoisD.Heare3、ITSverynoisyoutside._isgoingon? A.WhoB.WhatC.WhichD.Where4、_inEnglishinclasseverydayisimportant. A.SpeakB.TalkingC.SayingD.Totell5、Theremustbe_nearthefactory. A.abookstoreB.bookstoreC.booksstoreD.booksstores6、Althoughitsrainingha
33、rd,_arestillworkinginthefields. A.buttheyB.andtheyC.theyD.sincethey B1、Thedoctoraswellasthenurses_greatconcernforthepatients. A.showB.showsC.haveshownD.areshowing2、Yoursonmustbeacleverboy,_he? A.isB.isntC.mustD.mustnt3、Thecomputercenter,_lastyear,isverypopularamongstudentsinthisschool. A.openB.openi
34、ngC.openedD.beingopened4、I_gototheshoptoday,forthereisalotoffoodathome. A.mustntB.hadtoC.cantD.neednt5、Dont_excited. A.getB.isC.seemD.look6Thisroom_everymorning. A.iscleaningB.iscleanedC.cleansD.cleaning C1、Gladtomeetyou!_isyourfullname? A.WhatB.WhereC.HowD.Who2、Heis_tolifttheheavybox. A.tooweakB.we
35、aktooC.enoughweakD.weakenough3、Thedaysare_warmerandwarmerinspring. A.gettingB.lookingC.seemingD.going4、Hisjobis_English. A.teachB.toteachC.taughtD.teaches5、Twoballsare_. A.underthedeskB.inthewallC.tohereD.atdesks D1、Weshouldgetready_others. A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpD.helpwith2、_interestingworkwearedoi
36、ng? A.WhataB.HowC.WhatD.Whatan3、Iwant_ateacherwhenIgrowup(-fx;fc). A.tobeB.toC.beD.being4、-Wouldyouliketogoonapicnicwithmetoday? -Idontthinkso.Tobehonest,Ireallydontfeellike_ona picnic. A.goingB.togoC.goD.went5Doyouknow_? A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehelives C.whereheliveD.ifwherehelives6Let_doitagain. A
37、.IB.meC.heD.she7Idontknow_. A.howtodoB.whattodoC.wheretodoD.whentodo E1、Isawhim_basketballwithJackanhourago. A.playsB.toplayC.playedD.playo2、Sorry,wevekeptyou_foralongtime. A.waitedB.singC.standD.waiting3、Theteachertoldus_lateagain. A.arentbeB.dontbeC.nottobeD.notbe4、Wefindtheroomvery_. A.warmB.warm
38、lyC.terriblyD.hardly F1、Ifound_difficulttoworktogetherwithhim. A.itB.itsC.thatD.those2、Weallknow_ourdutytocleanourclassroomafterschooleveryday. A.thatB.thisC.whichD.it3、Hefound_veryinterestingtoplaywiththelittledog. A.whatB.itC./D.that G()1Tomsaidhe_agooddreamyesterdayevening. A.dreamB.dreamedC.haveD.has()2Children_ahappylifeinChina. A.leadB.livingC.hasD.leading H()1America,JapanandCanadaare_countries. A.developingB.developedC.lessdevelopedD.develop()2-_skirtisthatonthechair? -Letmesee.Oh,no,itsnotmine. A.WhoseB.WhatC.Wh