1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分及练习句子成分及练习一、句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和补足语、同位语和插入语插入语。二）主语：二）主语：主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在there be
2、结构、疑问句（当主语不疑结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in
3、this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to learn a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
4、（三）谓语（三）谓语 谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）谓语（三）谓语（四）表语（四）表语 表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与
5、身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：及表语从句表示。例如：1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）（
6、分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）（数词）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）（五）宾语（五）宾语 宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）
7、表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening
8、 to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语sb.+直接宾语直接宾语sth.），），例如：例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.=Lend your dictionary to me,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：He sent the
9、novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,make,find,get,order,post,等，例如：等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合）复合 宾语（宾语宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：They chose him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,pla
10、n,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,等，如：等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,f
11、orget 等。等。forget to do表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了书已还给他了)（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object Complement），），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接
12、复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her enterin
13、g the room.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（七）定语（七）定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下成分表示：定语可由以下成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His progress i
14、n English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)说明说明1：当定
15、语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.（八）状语（八）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，
16、说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the exam.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must
17、continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）She came in wi
18、th a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名
19、词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be honest,I dont quite agree with you.(定语从句定语从句)概念概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子子.She is the only one whos studying French.句子作定语句子作定
20、语,修饰代词修饰代词oneHe is a teacher who/that teaches us Chinese.句子作定语句子作定语,修饰名词修饰名词a teacher先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句Mary is a girl who has long hair.关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词who,whom,whose,which,thatwhere,when,why1.被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。定定语从句一般放在先行词后面语从句一般放在先行词后面。2.引导定语从句的词叫引导定语从句的词叫关系词关系词,在句中做句子成分在句中做句子成分
21、。关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分，关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分，关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词在句中作状语。关系词的作用：关系词的作用：1.引导一个定语从句；引导一个定语从句；2.在从句中代替先行词；在从句中代替先行词；3.在从句中担任某一句子成份。在从句中担任某一句子成份。Mary is a girl.A girl has long hair.Mary is a girl who has long hair.I like music that/which I can dance to.先行词先行词关系代词关系代词定语从句定语从句I like the singer w
22、ho is beautiful.I like the movie that is funny.I still remember the first time when I met her.定语从句构成：定语从句构成：先行词先行词+关系词关系词+从句从句关系词关系词关系代词关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词关系副词:when,where,why关系代词：关系代词：指物：指物：that which whose(所有格）所有格）指人：指人：who(主主/宾格宾格)that whom（宾格）（宾格）whose(所有格）所有格）The boys who are play
23、ing football are from Class One.The man whom they wanted to visit is a scientist.1.who指人指人,在从句中做在从句中做主语主语(不能省不能省)或或宾语（常可省略）宾语（常可省略）2.whom指人指人,在从句中充当在从句中充当宾语宾语(常可省常可省)who,whom,which,that,whose,用法区别用法区别.The boy who they are talking about is Li Lei.1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.3.whi
24、ch指物，在定语从句中做主语指物，在定语从句中做主语 或者宾语，或者宾语，做宾语时可省略做宾语时可省略 主语，不能省主语，不能省 2)This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.宾语，可省宾语，可省 4.that指人时指人时,相当于相当于who或或whom;指指 物时物时,相当于相当于which。在定语从句中在定语从句中 做主语或者宾语做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略做宾语时可省略。1)The girl(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday is Anna.2)A plane is a machine that/which can
25、fly.1.He has a friend whose father is a doctor.2.I have bought a house whose windows face south.5.whose通常指人通常指人,也可指物也可指物,在定语在定语 从句中做定语从句中做定语 3.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.定语从句关系代词的用法定语从句关系代词的用法:1)1)当当先行词是先行词是物物时时,用用which/that引导引导.These are the trees which/that were planted last year
26、.2)2)当先行词是当先行词是人人时时,用用who/that/whom引导引导.Mary is a girl who/that has long hair.that既可以指既可以指人人又可以指又可以指物物 who/that/which在定语从句中做主语在定语从句中做主语时时,谓语动词的单复数应与先行词谓语动词的单复数应与先行词保持保持一致。一致。1)I prefer shoes that are cool.2)I like a pizza that is really delicious.3)I love singers who are beautiful.4)I have a friend
27、who plays sports.(1)This is the teacher _ will go to the south with us tomorrow.(2)Is that the student _ the teacher is talking with?(3)I like the present _ youve sent to me.(4)The nurse _ we talked about can speak English well.(5)This is the job _ weve never done before.who/thatwho/that/whomthat/wh
28、ichwho/that/whomthat/which(6)This is the man _I met yesterday.(7)This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.(8)The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.(9)The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.who/that/whomthat/whichwho/thatwho/that/whom定语从句关系副词的用法定语从句关系副词的用法:1、where指地点，在从句中充当地点状语。指地点，在
29、从句中充当地点状语。This is the place where(in which)we lived ten years ago.2、when指时间，在从句中充当时间状语。指时间，在从句中充当时间状语。He told me the date when(on which)he joined the Party.3、why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。I know the reason why(for which)she was so angry.关系副词关系副词when,where和关系代词和关系代词that,which的区别的区别:同样是修饰一个地点，有
30、时使用同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where,有时使用有时使用that/which；同样是修饰；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：。这主要看两点：一：先行词在定语从句中所作成分；一：先行词在定语从句中所作成分；二：定语从句中的谓语动词是否二：定语从句中的谓语动词是否 一个一个及物动词。及物动词。1.This is the park(that)we visited last year.This is the park where we held a birthday party.2.She wont forget the
31、days(that)she spent on the island.She wont forget the days when they stayed together.1)This is the place where you worked.2)This is the place which/that you visited.1)还原后为还原后为:you worked in the place,Work为不及物动词，为不及物动词，先行词先行词the place做做状状语语,所以用副词所以用副词where作状语。作状语。2)还原后为还原后为:you visited the place，visi
32、t为及物动词为及物动词,先行词先行词the place 做做visited的的宾语宾语，所以用代词，所以用代词which/that做宾语。做宾语。关系副词可转化为关系副词可转化为介词介词+which结构。结构。1)This is the house _ once Lu Xun lived.This is the house _ once Lu Xun lived in.这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。=in whichwherewhich/that2)Beijing is the place _ I was born.Beijing is the place _ I was
33、born in.北京是我出生的地北京是我出生的地方方。=in whichwherewhich/that A.where B.which C.whom D.whose1)This is the factory _ I visited last year.2)This is the factory _ I worked last year.3)This is the factory _ produces all kinds of TV sets.BAB3.Can you lend me the novel _ the other day?A.that you talked B.you talked
34、 about itC.which you talked with D.you talked about D2.He has a friend _ father is a doctor.whose1.She is the girl _ talked with me yesterday.who/thatA.where B.which C.whom D.whose1.The place _ interests the children most is the Childrens Palace.A.what B.that C.where D.in which 2.The mountain _ we v
35、isited last summer is the highest mountain in Europe.A.where B.on which C.what D.which3.This is the park _ I visited last week.A.which B.when C.what D.where BDA1)先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时;只用只用that不用不用which2)先行词前面有最高级或序数词修饰时先行词前面有最高级或序数词修饰时;He is the first person that passed the exam.He is the hardest man
36、(that)I have ever met.The film star(人人)and her film(物物)that you have just talked about is well-known.3)当先行词前面有当先行词前面有the only,the same,the last,the very时时;The only thing(that)I want to do is to have a rest.5.当先行词是当先行词是anything,everything,nothing，few,all,none,little,the one 等不定代词，或等不定代词，或者是由者是由every,
37、any,all,some,no,little,few,much 等修饰时等修饰时;4.在在who,which引导的特殊疑问句中引导的特殊疑问句中,定语从句定语从句 中避免重复中避免重复,一般也只用一般也只用that.1)Who is the man that is standing there?2)Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?I mean the one _ you talked about just now.Is there anything _ you dont know?I want to read all the books _ wer
38、e written by Lu Xun.thatthatthat注：注：当当one,ones,anybody,anyone,all,none,those,he,they,that,you 等作先行词时等作先行词时（指人）一般用指人）一般用who，不用，不用that.Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.想去看电影的人必须在校门口等。想去看电影的人必须在校门口等。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a real/true man.
39、小结：小结：that 既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。作宾语，可以省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略。省略。who 指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，可以省略省略,（常用（常用whom）。）。whose 既可指人，也可指物既可指人，也可指物，不能省略，作定，不能省略，作定语。语。注注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语定语从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。从句的谓语动词形式由先行词决定。Exercise 1:用关
40、系代词填空用关系代词填空1.The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate.2.The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister.3.I hate people _ talk much but do little.4.The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful.who/thatwhich/thatwho/thatwhich/that5.The man _ hair is white is his grandfather.6.I
41、s there a student _ father is a business man?7.This is the house in _ we have lived for 10 years.8.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now.whosewhosewhich that9.The man _ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.10.Is there anything _ I can do for you?11.I have
42、a friend _ likes listening to classical music.12.This is the best novel _ I have read.13.Who is the girl _is standing under the tree?whosethatthatthatthat/who14.Have you read the book _ is about the moon?A.what B.it C./D.which15.The policeman caught the thief _ has stolen Mr.Lis computer.A.which B.w
43、hose C.whom D.who16.Tony,tell me the result of the discussion_ you had with your dad yesterday.A.what B.which C.when D.whoDBD17.This is the camera _my uncle gave me for my birthday.A.which B.who C.what D.whose18.Where did you go last week?I went to Zhang Aipings hometown and visited the house he was
44、 born in.A.that B.there C.who D.whose19.Where did you go last week?I went to Zhang Aipings hometown and visited the house he was born。A.that B.where C.who D.whoseABA20.Is that the man_ helped us a lot after the earthquake?A.which B.who C.whom D.there21.We dont like people _ talk too much but never d
45、o anything.A.whose B.who C.when D.whichBB22.Do you know the boy _ is standing under the tree?-Yes,he is my friend,Peter.A.what B.who C.whom D.whose23.Mary Smith says she likes to have friends_ are different from her.A.whose B.which C.who D.when 24.Do you know the girl _ is singing in the classroom?A.when B.who C.which D.whereBCB
