1、栏目索引专题三名词、冠词、代词和数词专题三名词、冠词、代词和数词栏目索引考向分析考向分析考向分析在高考中,涉及名词的考点主要包括名词复数、名词所有格等;涉及冠词的考点主要包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法,有时在短文改错中会考查零冠词;代词考点主要包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词等的用法;数词考点主要包括基数词和序数词的用法。栏目索引考点清单考点一名词考点一名词一、名词的复数一、名词的复数单句填空单句填空考点清单语境运用语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 t
2、hat showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from allcauses (cause).栏目索引考点清单答案答案causes本题考查名词的“数”。cause作“原因”讲,为可数名词;根据设空处前的all可知设空处填名词复数形式,故填causes。栏目索引考点清单2.(2017课标全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terri
3、ble crowds (crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.答案答案crowds根据语境可知,此处表示的是人群,空格前无冠词,因此crowd应用复数形式,故空格处填crowds。栏目索引考点清单3.(2017课标全国卷)She has turned down several invitations (invi-tation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.答案答案invitations空前的several常用于修饰可数名词的复数,故
4、空格处填复数名词invitations。栏目索引考点清单单句改错单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chickenchickens 答案答案chickenchickens因为该词前有dozens of(几打;几十个)修饰,因此该词要用名词的复数形式chickens。chicken作不可数名词时,意为“鸡肉”;作可数名词时,意为“小鸡”。原文中把该词当成不可数名词用,与前面的dozens of(几打;几十个)矛盾。
5、栏目索引考点清单5.(2018课标全国卷)After supper,we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.sortsorts 答案答案sortsorts考查名词。此处sort表示“种类”,是可数名词,前面有all修饰,故要用sort的复数形式。所以要把sort改为sorts。栏目索引考点清单可数名词单数变复数规则可数名词单数变复数规则1.规则变化用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单规则例词一般情况下,在词尾直接加-sbookbookscapcaps treetrees以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-esg
6、lassglassesboxboxes watchwatchesbrushbrushes以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,把y改为i,再加-esstorystories countrycountries以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但有些名词要加-es,它们主要有:黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿NegroNegroes heroheroes potatopotatoestomatotomatoes radioradios photophotos以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,有些直接加-s,有些需把f或fe变为v,再加-es,它们主要有:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶
7、站在架子上,把狼劈成两半selfselves lifelives thiefthieveswifewivesknifeknives leafleaves shelfshelves wolfwolveshalfhalves合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数son-in-lawsons-in-law storytellerstorytellers“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数man teachermen teachers woman engineerwomen engineers栏目索引
8、考点清单2.不规则变化(1)变内部元音footfeet脚manmen男人womanwomen女人toothteeth牙goosegeese鹅gentlemangentlemen绅士(2)单复数同形的名词sheep绵羊 deer鹿spacecraft太空船aircraft飞行器栏目索引考点清单Chinese中国人Japanese日本人Swiss瑞士人means方法crossroads十字路口headquarters总部series连续species种类(3)外来名词的复数形式criterioncriteria标准phenomenonphenomena现象analysisanalyses分析bas
9、isbases基础crisiscrises危机thesistheses论文bacteriumbacteria细菌mediummedia媒体栏目索引考点清单(4)fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式通常为fishes,而表示鱼的条数时,其复数形式与单数形式相同。表示“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。There are many different fishes in this river.这条河中有很多不同种类的鱼。I bought five fish today.今天我买了五条鱼。(5)penny表示便士的“价值”时复数为pence,常与数词搭配来表示钱数:five pence五便士,ten penc
10、e十便士;表示便士的“个数”时复数为pennies。栏目索引考点清单(6)people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式,指“民族”时其复数形式为peoples。one person一个人two people两个人a people一个民族two peoples两个民族栏目索引考点清单二、不可数名词二、不可数名词一般来说,物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的,没有复数形式,一般也不用不定冠词a或an修饰。常考的不可数名词有:advice,baggage,lug-gage,equipment,furniture,fun,work(工作),homework,housework,health,inform
11、ation,music,news,progress,traffic,wealth,weather,space(太空),room(空间),man(人类)。用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单三、抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用。常考的这类名词有:用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单名词抽象意义具体化意义attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人;危险因素delight 高兴令人高兴的事failure 失败失败的人或事物pleasure高兴;快乐令人
12、高兴的事pride骄傲;自豪值得自豪的人或事物shock震惊令人震惊的事success成功成功的人或事surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事栏目索引考点清单四、名词所有格四、名词所有格单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.Alberts (Albert)birthday is on next Saturday,and Im planning a surprise party for him.答案答案Alberts句意:Albert的生日在下周六,我正在计划为他开一个惊喜派对。空格处在句中作名词birthday的定语,结合语境可知,空格处应填写提示词的所有格形式。故空格处填Alberts。栏目索引考点清
13、单单句改错单句改错2.(2018课标全国卷)When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night.FridaysFriday 答案答案FridaysFriday此处意为“星期五晚上”,应该用Friday而不是表示所属关系的Fridays。所以要把Fridays改为Friday。栏目索引考点清单3.When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.friendfriends 答案答案friendfriends句意:当我最终到达朋友家时,他借给了我许多衣服。名词
14、所有格可表示地点,结合语境可知,friend应改为friends。栏目索引考点清单1.名词所有格的用法-s所有格主要用于表示人或其他有生命的名词的所有关系,表示“的”。例如:Well-known for their expertise,his parents company,called“Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.他父母的公司“未来之旅”以其专业技术而闻名,该公司用时空穿梭机平安地把我送入了未来。Have you read Robert Brownings poems?你读过罗伯特
15、勃朗宁的诗吗?用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单表示时间、距离、价格。例如:todays newspaper今天的报纸a five days journey一次五天的旅行表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。例如:at the barbers(shop)在理发店at the doctors(office)在医院at the tailors(shop)在裁缝店栏目索引考点清单2.-s所有格的构成规则构成举例单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加“s”the boys bag那个男孩的包the childrens rooms那些孩子们的房间以s结尾的复数名
16、词,只在词尾加“”the workers struggle工人们的斗争复合名词中,在最后一个词的词尾加“s”her brother-in-laws character她姐夫的性格复合不定代词后加else,在else后加“s”somebody elses possessions别人的财产 栏目索引考点清单考点二冠词考点二冠词一、不定冠词的用法一、不定冠词的用法单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.(2017课标全国卷)Asa result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.栏目索引考点清单答
17、案答案a句意:结果,人们会吃更多的食物来努力弥补所缺失的东西。as a result结果。栏目索引考点清单2.(2017课标全国卷)Instead,she is earning 6,500 a day as a model in New York.答案答案a句意:相反,她现在在纽约作为一名模特每天挣6,500英镑。model为可数名词,此处表示泛指,故填冠词a。栏目索引考点清单3.(2016课标全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside fora while,exercising,or doing something you
18、enjoy.答案答案a考查冠词。for a while是固定短语,意为“一会儿”。栏目索引考点清单4.Life is likean ocean,only the strong-willed can reach the other shore.答案答案an句意:生活就像一片海洋,只有那些意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。ocean在此处为可数名词,在本句中表示泛指,故用不定冠词,o-cean以元音音素开头,故答案为an。栏目索引考点清单单句改错单句改错5.(2017课标全国卷)They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and
19、 a half to go to work every day.第一个aan 答案答案第一个aan名词hour的发音以元音音素开头,因此它前面的不定冠词a使用错误,应改为an。栏目索引考点清单1.不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧跟着冠词的单词的发音以辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)开头时用a;当紧跟着冠词的单词的发音以元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)开头时用an。如:a university,a useful book,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an hon-est boy,an X-ray,an ugly man等。用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清
20、单2.不定冠词的用法:用于单数可数名词前,表示泛指;用于表示数量“一”;用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前;用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”;用于时间、重量等名词前,表示“每一”;用于专有名词前,表示具有某种特性的人或物,某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间;栏目索引考点清单用于抽象名词具体化时的某些名词之前;用于某些物质名词前表示“一杯、一份、一场、一阵”等;Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough days.在那些艰苦的日子里能够买得起一杯饮料是一种安慰。Anyone,whether he is an offic
21、ial or a bus driver,should be equally re-spected.任何人,无论是官员还是公交车司机,都应该得到同等的尊重。栏目索引考点清单3.含有不定冠词的常用搭配a waste of.的浪费a collection of一批as a result 因此as a rule通常as a whole 总体上as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措at a distance离一段距离in a hurry匆忙in a word 总之in a sense在某种意义上in a way 在某种程度上all of a sudden突然once in
22、 a while偶尔地栏目索引考点清单once upon a time 从前 for a while一段时间;一会儿be/go on a diet节食come to an end 结束give sb.a lift让某人搭便车have a gift for有天赋have/catch a cold感冒have/take a rest 休息have a good time玩得高兴have a word in sbs ear与说私话have a holiday度假have a knowledge of在某方面知识渊博栏目索引考点清单have a good command of 掌握;精通have a
23、population of有人口have a history of 有的历史an area of的面积keep an eye on 照看;留意make a living谋生pay a visit to 拜访What a pity/shame!真遗憾!栏目索引考点清单二、定冠词的用法二、定冠词的用法单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷)Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming atthe top of her lungs.答案答案the句意:出乎意料的是,我正与那只大猩猩面对面,它开始
24、声嘶力竭地尖叫。本题考查冠词。at the top of ones lungs意为“声嘶力竭地”。栏目索引考点清单2.(2017课标全国卷)This included digging up the road,laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.答案答案the根据语境可知,此处表特指,故空格处填写定冠词the。栏目索引考点清单3.(2016课标全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one i
25、s being bottle-fed,the other is with mumshe never suspects.答案答案the考查冠词。one.the other.“(两者中的)一个另外一个”,为固定结构。栏目索引考点清单单句改错单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷)During my last winter holiday,I went to country-side with my father to visit my grandparents.在countryside前加定冠词the 答案答案countryside前加the考查定冠词。和爸爸去看望乡下的爷爷奶奶,“乡村”常用the c
26、ountryside。栏目索引考点清单5.(2017课标全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was.first前加the或my 答案答案first前加the或my序数词first前应用定冠词the,另外,结合语境可知,也可在first前添加物主代词my。栏目索引考点清单1.定冠词的常见用法用于特指的人或事物前;用于自然界中独一无二的事物前;用于双方都知道或上文已提到的人或物之前;用于表方向或方位的名词前;用于形容词或形容词化的过去分词前,表示一类人或物;用于表示西洋乐器的名词之前;用于姓氏的复数名词前,表示某某一家人、某某夫妇等;用法精讲用法精讲栏目
27、索引考点清单用于整十的数词的复数形式前,表示年代;用于序数词、形容词的最高级前;用于固定结构“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体部位”前,表示“某人身体的某个部位”;用于计量单位名词前。All the photographs in this book,unless stated otherwise,date from the 1950s.除非另外说明,这本书中的所有照片都要追溯到20世纪50年代。栏目索引考点清单This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.这是我读过的最有意思的小说。The police caught the thief
28、 by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。People often hire the car by the hour.人们经常按小时租车。栏目索引考点清单2.含有定冠词the的固定搭配in the world在世界上 one.the other.一个另外一个in the end最后,终于in the daytime在白天in the habit of习惯make the most/best of充分利用in the distance在远处in the way挡路on the whole大体上on the right/left在右/左面栏目索引考点清单at the same time同时at
29、 the moment此刻for the time being暂时in the public eye 广为人知的go to the doctor去看病by the way顺便说一下on the radio/phone在广播/电话里on the spot在现场,当下,当场to tell(you)the truth说实话,老实说go to the cinema去看电影not in the least(=not at all)一点也不栏目索引考点清单on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面for the most part通常,多半the+比较级,the
30、+比较级 越,就越the+比较级+of the two两个中较的一个栏目索引考点清单三、零冠词的用法三、零冠词的用法单句改错单句改错1.(2016课标全国卷)At the first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.去掉the 语境运用语境运用答案答案去掉the考查固定结构。at first意为“起初”,为固定结构。栏目索引考点清单2.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom build-ings.删除第一个th
31、e 答案答案删除第一个theall kinds of之后直接跟名词,不需要使用冠词,故删除定冠词the。栏目索引考点清单3.In a fact,he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me.去掉a 答案答案去掉ain fact 为固定短语。栏目索引考点清单4.One Monday afternoon,we were playing the basketball in the playground when I suddenly slipped and fell over.
32、去掉basketball前的the 答案答案去掉basketball前的the与play连用时,表示球类运动的名词前通常不用冠词,故将basketball前的the去掉。栏目索引考点清单1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。My father went to the doctor for advice about his heart trouble.我父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单2.名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,each,no,any等时不再用冠词。She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中
33、的那类女人。His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。He went to some place in France.他到法国某个地方去了。Each student must hand in his/her exercise book.每个学生都必须上交他/她的练习本。栏目索引考点清单3.零冠词的用法口诀月、季、星期、洲,称呼、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、惯用语;学科、棋类名词前。A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn and win-ter.一年可以分为四
34、季春、夏、秋和冬。栏目索引考点清单He has no lessons on Sundays.他周日没有课。Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.李先生是本次会议的主席。(注:表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语时常用零冠词)但以上用法是相对而言的,在不同的句子中,可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此,用不用冠词要视情况而定。栏目索引考点清单Autumn is the harvest season.秋季是收获的季节。The organization was founded in the spring of(the year)2010.这个组织是在2010年春天成立的
35、。栏目索引考点清单4.含有零冠词的常用搭配at present目前ahead of time 提前 at risk有危险by accident 碰巧by law根据法律by mistake错误地in fact 事实上in peace和平in advance 提前in danger处于危险中in trouble 有麻烦from morning till night从早到晚栏目索引考点清单lose heart灰心on second thoughts转念一想out of work失业out of control 失控take part in参加be under repair 处于维修中栏目索引考点清
36、单考点三代词考点三代词一、人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一、人称代词、物主代词与反身代词单句填空单句填空语境运用语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to findthem (they)alive.栏目索引考点清单答案答案them本题考查代词。设空处指代从句中的the gorillas,以避免重复,故填them。栏目索引考点清单2.(2016课标全国卷)On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that ha
37、d been rejected byits (it)mother.答案答案its考查代词。此处为it的形容词性物主代词,意为“它的”。栏目索引考点清单3.(2017课标全国卷)However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25,000 people were using it every day.答案答案it本题考查代词。此处指代上文中提到的the railway,需用代词it。栏目索引考点清单单句改错单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷)I had done mys
38、elf homework,but I was shy.myselfmy/the 答案答案myselfmy/the考查代词或冠词。do ones homework为固定短语,意为“做作业”,homework前应该加形容词性物主代词,原文中的myself是反身代词。do the homework也可表示“做作业”。栏目索引考点清单5.(2017课标全国卷)This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.yourmy 答案答案yourmy考查物主代词。根据前面的me可知,此处your应
39、改为my。栏目索引考点清单6.(2016课标全国卷)At last,I will be on my own,but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.need前加I 答案答案need前加I在题干中,whenever引导的状语从句中缺少主语,结合语境可知,need之前应该添加人称代词I。栏目索引考点清单7.(2016课标全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from bo
40、oks.yourour 答案答案yourour此处为“我们能开阔我们的视野”,故把your 改为our。栏目索引考点清单类别功能第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格作主语Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格作宾语meusyouyouhimheritthem物主代词形容词性物主代词作定语myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性物主代词作主语、宾语或表语mineoursyoursyourshishers/theirs反身代词作宾语、表语或同位语myse-lfourse-lvesyour-selfyour-selveshims-elfhers-elfitselfthem-
41、selves用法精讲用法精讲栏目索引考点清单1.人称代词作主语时用主格,作宾语时用宾格,作表语时多用宾格。I hope it wasnt her.我希望不是她。2.人称代词指代的内容与数量与前文要保持一致。Tom is very kind and I like him very much.汤姆很善良,我非常喜欢他。The boys must be made to be aware that doing exercise is of great impor-tance to them.男孩子必须明白运动对他们很重要。栏目索引考点清单3.人称代词单独使用时,常用宾格。Glad to meet yo
42、u.见到你很高兴。Me,too.我也是。栏目索引考点清单4.形容词性物主代词不与a,an,this,that,these,some,any,several,no,each,such,another等词同时修饰一个名词,但双重所有格除外。You should respect your/the teachers.你应该尊重老师。a friend of hers她的一个朋友栏目索引考点清单5.反身代词可作宾语、同位语和表语。I cut myself with a knife.我用刀把自己割伤了。I want to see Bob himself.我想见鲍勃本人。I am not feeling my
43、self today.我今天感觉不舒服。栏目索引考点清单6.含有反身代词的习惯用语apply oneself to致力于 behave oneself 表现得体,有礼貌be oneself身心自在come to oneself恢复常态dress oneself给自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于enjoy oneself过得愉快,玩得高兴help oneself to自己取make oneself at home 别客气;别拘束栏目索引考点清单say to oneself 心里想seat oneself使自己就座teach oneself 自学 by oneself独自地,单独
44、地for oneself独立地【点津】(1)形容词性物主代词作定语可与own连用。Did they all have families of their own?他们都有自己的家庭吗?(2)在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词和人称代词宾格均可。No one but myself(me)is hurt.除了我没人受伤。栏目索引考点清单(3)反身代词本身不能单独作主语,但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself可 作主语。My mother and myself were both interested in the f
45、ilm.我母亲和我自己都对这部电影感兴趣。栏目索引考点清单7.it的用法(1)指代上文提到的某样东西Where is my dictionary?I left it right on the desk.我的字典哪儿去了?我就把它放在桌子上了。(2)指时间、天气、环境、距离等It is raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。It is a long way to the factory.到工厂有很长一段路。栏目索引考点清单(3)用以代替指示代词this,thatWhats this?这是什么?Its a flag.这是一面旗。(4)指不知性别的婴儿或身份不明确的人(由于某种原
46、因而不知对方是谁)The baby cried because it was hungry.这个婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。栏目索引考点清单(5)用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句1)it作形式主语的几种常用句型:It+be+adj.(for/of sb.)+to do/be.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.Its no use/good doing sth.Its useless doing/to do sth.Its(well)worth doing.Its worthwhile doing/to do sth.It+be+过去分词(s
47、uggested/reported/said/recommended/believed.)+that 从句栏目索引考点清单2)it作形式宾语的常用句型主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.+it+adj.+(for/of sb.)to do./that从句Its not easy to learn a foreign language.(作形式主语,代替不定式短语)学习一门外语不容易。Its impossible for him to get there in time.(作形式主语,代替不定式短语)他不可能及时到达那里。栏目索引考点
48、清单It is no good living alone without keeping in touch with others.(作形式主语,代替动名词短语)独居而不和外人来往是没有好处的。I find it easy to get on with Jim.(作形式宾语,代替不定式短语)我发现和吉姆相处很容易。I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.(作形式宾语,代替名词性从句)我已经讲得很清楚了,任何人都不准在这儿吸烟。栏目索引考点清单(6)用于强调句型强调句型的基本形式:It is/was+被强调部分+that
49、/who+其他成分。被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that,被强调部分是“事物”时用that。It is I who/that am right.(强调主语)It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(强调宾语)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(强调状语)栏目索引考点清单(7)用于like,enjoy,hate,love,appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon,rely on,see to等动词短语后,再接if,when,that引导的从句I wo
50、uld appreciate it if you could help me.如果你能帮助我,我将不胜感激。栏目索引考点清单二、不定代词的用法二、不定代词的用法单句改错单句改错1.(2017课标全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.allboth或删除all 语境运用语境运用答案答案allboth或删除all题干提到的是两个人,而all指三者或三者以上的全部,故把all改为both或删除all。栏目索引考点清单2.(2016课标全国卷)It does not cost many,yet we can still learn a lot.many
