1、句子成分和句子分类句子成分和句子分类预备知识点：词类概述词类词类英语名称英语名称作用作用例词例词名词名词n.表示人或事物的名称表示人或事物的名称man,dog,tree,book冠词冠词art.用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用a,an,the代词代词pron.代替名词或数词代替名词或数词I,you,that,this,some,a few数词数词num.表示数量或顺序表示数量或顺序one,two,first形容词形容词adj.修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征red,beautiful,young,old副词副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其它副词修
2、饰动词、形容词或其它副词very,quickly,often,here动词动词v.表动作或状态表动作或状态walk,run,study,be介词介词prep.用在名词、代词或数词前，表示用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系和句中其它词的关系in,on,at,behind,from连词连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句用来连接词与词或句与句and,but,if,or感叹词感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气表示说话时的感情或口气oh,hello,hi,er句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence一、句子成分概述：组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括
3、组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。主语主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语）。有主语和谓语）。主语（主语（subject）主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。例如：后面。例如：The sun rises in the east.（名词）（名词）We
4、often speak English in class.（代词）（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.（数词）（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign la
5、nguage.（it作形式主语，不定式真正主语）作形式主语，不定式真正主语）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）It is no use arguing with him.（It形式主语，形式主语，ving形式形式 是真正主语）是真正主语）谓语（谓语（predicate）谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓
6、语的构成如下：如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.表语（表语（predicative）表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，表语用以说明主语的身份、
7、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,grow,turn,seem,look remain仍是仍是,stay,sound,taste,smell,feel等）之后。等）之后。Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）Is it yours?（代词）（代词）The door remains open.(形容词）形容词）My watch is gone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）（形容词化的分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）His job is
8、to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）His hobby（爱好）（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）The picture is on the wall.（介词短语）（介词短语）The class is over.（副词）（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）（表语从句）宾语（宾语（object）宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般
9、位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）（展览）yesterday.（名词）（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）（代词）How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（数词）（数词）We should help the old and the poor.（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）I enjoy lis
10、tening to popular music.（动名词短语）（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（宾语从句）Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句）（宾语从句）宾语种类宾语种类：（：（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），直接宾语），例如：例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例如：例如：They elected him their monitor.定语（定语（attribute）修饰名词或代词
11、的词、短语或从句称为定语。修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）（形容词）There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）（分词）Our monitor is always the f
12、irst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介（介词短语）词短语）You should do everything that I do.（定语从句）（定语从句）状语状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）（副词
13、及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）（名词）Once you begin,you must continue.（状语从句）（状语从句）状语种类状语种类How about meeting again at six?（时
14、间状语）（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式（方式状语）状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）（伴随状语）In orde
15、r to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果（结果状语）状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（比较状语）补语（补语（complement)宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor.（名词）（名词）We all t
16、hink it a pity that she didnt come here.（名词短语）（名词短语）We will make them happy.（形容词）（形容词）We found nobody in.(副词副词)Please make yourself at home.(介词短语）介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省（省to不定式）不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带（带to不定式）不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）（现在分词）Ill h
17、ave my bike repaired.（过去分词）（过去分词）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（从句）主补：对主语的补充。主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（二）练习说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分中各充当什么成分1.I dont like the picture on
18、the wall.2.My brother hasnt done his homework.3.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.4.He broke a piece of glass.5.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.主主谓语谓语宾语宾语定语定语主语主语谓语谓语谓语谓语谓语谓语主主主主主主定语定语宾语宾语宾语宾语状语状语定语定语宾语宾语表语表语二、句子的分类（按结构划分）简单句、并列句和复合句简单句、并列句和复合句一）简单句：一）简单句：句子里只有一个主谓结构，且各个成分都只由单句子
19、里只有一个主谓结构，且各个成分都只由单词或短语构成。词或短语构成。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一：（主谓）（主谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型基本句型 一：一：（不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said doe
20、s not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子的谓语，即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主系表）（主系表）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.Everything look
21、s different.4.He is growing tall and strong.5.His face turned red.此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词谓语动词都不能表达都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语 构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动叫做连系动词。词。基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help th
22、em.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said Good morning.5.He admits that he was mistaken.此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是：谓语动词是：谓语动词，但不能表达完整的意思，但不能表达完整的意思，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。基本句型基本句型 四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，egeg：buy,find,bring,give,buy,find,bring,give,teach,tell,len
23、d,offer,promise,give/pass/bring/showteach,tell,lend,offer,promise,give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语间接宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machin
24、e.基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）1.They painted the door green.2.This set them thinking.3.They found the house deserted.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分补充成分来来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。补足宾语，才能使意
25、思完整。（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的 简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or等。等。Eg.He is a student and I am a teacher.He likes football,but I like basketball.（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个句子充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属充当成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、附属于大句子的句子叫从句。于大句子的句子叫从句。1.I believe that you are right.我相信你是对的。我相信你是对的。2.I dont know where he lives.我不知道他住哪里。我不知道他住哪里。3.What I want is a book.我所想要的是一本书。我所想要的是一本书。4.The boy who is sitting under the tree is Tom 坐在树下的男孩是坐在树下的男孩是Tom.主句宾语，叫做宾语从句主句宾语，叫做宾语从句主语宾语，叫做宾语从句主语宾语，叫做宾语从句主语主语，叫做主语从句主语主语，叫做主语从句主语定语，叫做定语从句主语定语，叫做定语从句
