(完整版)高中英语句法知识汇总-.doc

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1、高中英语句法知识汇总一、 句子成分分析句子概念:句子是语言运用的基本单位,它由词、词组(短语)构成,能表达一个完整的意思,如描述一件事,提出一个问题,表示要求或者制止,表示某种感慨,表示对一段话的延续或省略。句子和句子中间有较大停顿。它的结尾应该用上句号、问号、省略号、或感叹号。短语句子a strong man The man is strong.a book on the deskThe book is on the desk.The child dressed in school uniformWho is the child dressed in school uniform?beaut

2、iful flowersWhat beautiful flowers! 主干成分:主、谓、宾、表修饰成分:定、状、补.主语:一个句子往往用来表达“某人/某个事物怎么样了”,或“某人干什么了”。其中,某人或某事物,是陈述对象,或动作的执行者,叫主语。(即句子叙说的主体)例如:Tom is the tallest boy in our class. They are playing football.Three million dollars is not enough.To see is to believe.Walking on the moon is very difficult.What

3、he is doing is unknown.主语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首。.谓语:谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态, 即“做什么”或“怎么样”。I went to Paris last summer.I have been waiting for you all morning.I hate lies.谓语由动词或动词短语担任,常位于主语后,具有人称、各种时态及语态变化。III.宾语:谓语动词的动作的承受者,即动作的对象或内容。I love you.I study Chinese.He wrote many plays.I taught him a lesson y

4、esterday.Can you show me your photo?许多及物动词后可以有两个宾语(双宾语):直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者,通常是物;间接宾语表示动作对谁或为谁而做,通常是人。例如:I taught him(间宾) a lesson(直宾) yesterday. 可以接双宾语的动词有:give, show, send, bring, lend, tell, return, write, pay, teach, make, buy, find等。 双宾语通常的语序是:间接宾语在前面,直接宾语在后。如果要强调直接宾语,也可以至于间接宾语之前。这时,间接宾语之前必须

5、加介词to或for(to强调动作对谁而作,for强调动作为谁而做)。give me a book = give a book to me buy Tom a watch = buy a watch for Tom 宾语一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后。. 表语: 语用来说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。Be careful!His job is looking after sheep. He looks very angry.Our teacher stays young.Leaves turn yellow in fall. 一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词

6、的词、短语或句子充当,位于系动词之后,与系动词一起构成句子的谓语。(穿插系动词相关知识). 定语: 定语是修饰或限定名词或代词的词,表示被修饰词的所属、性质、数量等。 Its an interesting story. Do you have time to help us? I like the novels written by Lu Xun.Who is the woman being operated on? 定语通常由形容词、代词、名词、名词所有格、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当,(位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在后)。.状语: 修饰谓语动词的句子成分叫状语

7、,一般用来说明谓语动作所发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、程度等。We like English very much. Her uncle lives in Canada. She was lying in bed reading.When I was seven,I began to write poems.United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。 状语一般一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或从句充当,位置灵活。(句首、句末、插入). 补语: 补语用来补充说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份。分为主语补足语和宾语补足语(多见宾补)。 主补: T

8、he goat rolled over, dead. Abraham Lincoln was elected president again. The boy is seening playing with his sister in the garden.宾补: Please make yourself at home. He told us to stay.Ive never seen her dancing.I found it difficult to refuse him. 补语通常由形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词、副词、介词短语等补充。.同位语: 对前面的名词或代词做进一步说明或解

9、释。(若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语)。We students should study hard.This is my friend Harry. 同位语通常由名词、数词、代词或从句等充当。. 独立成分: 与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开(区别于分词独立结构)。感叹语:Here! Dont cry!呼语:Lucy, you look tired.插入语:He may be late for the meeting, I am afraid.二、 句子的分类(1)-按结构简单句 并列句 复

10、合句1.简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。例句: 1. She goes to work every day. 2. Tom and I found her there. 3. We all breathe, eat and work.2. 并列句:由并列连词(如:and, so, but, or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。例句: 1. I often help her and she helps me, too. 2. Harry likes eggs, but he doesnt like chicken.3. 复合句:由一个主句和一

11、个或一个以上的从句构成的句子, 从句包含名词性从句(包括主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),副词性从句即状语从句,和形容词性从句即定语从句。例句: 1. I believe(that) you are right. 2. If he studies harder, he will pass the exam.简单句的五种基本句型英语句子有长在短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句型列式如下: 基本句型一

12、: + (主谓) 基本句型二: + + (主系表) 基本句型三: + + (主谓宾) 基本句型四: + +IO +(主谓间宾直宾) 基本句型五: + + +(主谓宾宾补)基本句型 一 +(主谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 (不及物动词)1. Time 2. The sun3. They 4. He fliesrose. talked for half an hour.has gone.基本句型 二 + +(主系表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个

13、表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分三类:be动词; 感官系动词look, feel,smell,taste,sound;半系动词get, grow, become, turn,go等。(是系动词)(表语)1. This 2. The dinner3. Everything4. The weather 5. His face is smellslooks becameturned an English dictionary. good. different. warmer. red. 基本句型 三 + +(主谓宾)此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语

14、动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。(实义动词)(宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. Danny 4. I 5. He knows laughs at likes want said the answer? her. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good orning. 基本句型 四 + +IO +(主谓间宾直宾) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(直接宾语),另一个是动作的间接承受者(间接宾语

15、)。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略(举例解释)。(及物)I(多指人)(多指物)1.He2. He 3. I 4. I 5. I passed brought showed gave told himyou him him hima new dress. a dictionary. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. 基本句型 五 + + +(主谓宾宾补) 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才

16、能使意思完整。(及物)(宾语)(宾补)1. We 2.What 3. We 4. He 5. I keep makes saw asked saw the table him him me them clean. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. 典型例题分析 1.They work hard. 主 + 谓 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Plants need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 简宾 5.We sho

17、uld keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓(1)不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样,因此在学习动词时,应掌握动词的类型。以 get 为例: Hes getting angry. (S V P) He got through the window. (S V O) Youll get a surprise. (S V O) He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C) He got himself into trouble. (S V O

18、 C) He got her a splendid present. (S V O O) (2)在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily。 我很容易地找到了这本书。(S V O M) I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 (S V O C) I have to do something. 我得做点事。 I have something to do. 我有点事做。 练习:题一 指出下列各句属于哪种基本句型1. They are students( )2. The flowers turn red in Sprin

19、g. ( )3.The boys laughed. ( )4. We study English. ( )5. The teachers asked me two questions. ( )6. We all call him Xiao Li. ( )7.China is a socialist country. ( )8. The sun rises in the east. ( )9. We gave him a hearty welcome. ( )10.Lei Feng died young. ( )11. I saw him going upstairs. ( )12. It is

20、 not a pen. ( )13. Only in that way, can we learn English. ( )14. One must do ones duty. ( )题二 把下面句子翻译成英语并指出是哪种句型1. 这辆自行车是黄色的。 2. 地图在我们教室的墙上。3她看上去很年轻。 4孩子们喜欢玩雪。5他们想看电视。 6她把所有的照片给她朋友们看。7他给予了我们许多帮助。 8李先生给我们带来了一些彩纸9我们将要你开你那辆小汽车。 10我们称我们的校长为聪明人。三、句子的分类(2)(按用途) 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句1. 陈述句:用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:1)

21、 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实) 2) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)要特别注意陈述句的否定结构首先,否定转移:主句谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess 等表“认为” 的动词时,宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上.例如:1) I dont think I know you. 2) She doesnt believe you are wrong.注意: hope 不在此列.误: I dont hope it will rain

22、.正: I hope it wont rain.第二,句中含有never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nothing, nobody, nowhere等词时, 应视为否定句。例如:1) I could hardly hear anything.2) He rarely comes to see me.3) None of us has been to Beijing.4) I saw nothing in the darkness.5) We could find her nowhere.第三, 部分否定和全部否定: all, both

23、, either, every, everybody, everyday, everywhere, always与not 连用时, 表示部分否定。表示全部否定要用no, neither, none, nobody, nothing, never , nowhere 等词.肯定: All the ants go out for food.部分否定: Not all the ants go out for food.或: All the ants dont go out for food.全部否定: None of the ants goes out for food.或: Not any of

24、the ants goes out for food.2. 祈使句:用来提出请求,建议或发出命令,肯定的祈使句用动词原形开头,否定的祈使句用Dont 或 Never +动词原形开头。例如:Sit down, please! Dont be nervous!有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词do。例如:Do come earlier, please!有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如:Silence! No parking!3. 感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,常用what或how来引导。常见的句型结构是:What + 名词 +主语+谓语!How +形容词或副词 +主语+谓语!例如

25、:1) What good news it is! 2) What a silly question he asked! 3) How cool it is today! 4) How hard the students are working!4. 疑问句:用来提出问题, 有以下四种:a. 一般疑问句:常指用yes或no回答的句子,常把助动词be、have、do或情 态动词等提到主语之前例如:Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?b. 特殊疑问句:指用疑问词开头的疑问句,不能用yes或no回答。例如:Where do you live?你住哪儿

26、?c. 选择疑问句:这种疑问句通常提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择,供选择的部分常用or 连接。例如:1. Would you like some tea or coffee? 2. Which jacket did he buy, the green one or the red one?c. 反意疑问句:在陈述句后附上一个简短问句,表示说话者对所叙述的事实虽有一定见解,但没有把握,提出疑问,希望得到对方的证实。常见句型结构是:前肯后否;前否后肯两种。要注意陈述句中的否定有多种形式,除了用not之外,还可以用hardly, few, little, never, seldom, nob

27、ody, nothing, nowhere等词表示否定,但否定的前缀和后缀不算否定。例如:1) Work is a big part of your life, isnt it? 2) They all had a good time, didnt they? 3) She dislikes pets, doesnt she? 4) He doesnt know her, does he? 5) Nobody came here just now, did they? 6) Tom can hardly cook, can he? 1. 陈述部分为含有宾语从句的主从复合句时,通常要对主句主语进

28、行反问;但如果陈述部分是“I (dont ) think / suppose / believe 等+ 宾语从句” 时,则要对宾语从句的主语进行反问。例如:1) He has told you that he will go to America,hasnt he?2) I dont think he will go to America, will he?2. 陈述部分为祈使句时,不论祈使句是肯定形式还是否定形式,反意疑问句部分通常用will you; 但lets 引起的祈使句的反意疑问句部分通常用shall we。例如:1) Come here this evening, will you?2) Dont make a noise, will you?3) Lets go out for a walk, shall we?4) Let me do it again, will you?

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