1、E-C TranslationRhetoric1英语常用修辞英语常用修辞：l simile明喻；l metaphor 暗喻；l metonymy转喻；l synecdoche 提喻；l personification拟人；l hyperbole夸张；l antithesis对偶；l pun双关；l irony反语；l euphemism委婉；l circumlocution 迂回;l climax渐进；l parallelism平行；l onomatopoeia 拟声；l aposiopesis 跳脱；l rhetorical question 设问2现在可知的汉语修辞手法有六十三大类，七十八
2、小类。常见修辞手法：明喻；暗喻；拟人；夸张;讳饰；转喻；省略；折绕;移就；通感；呼告；递升；递降；反语;排比；设问；反问；谲辞31.直译法对可译的辞格，尽可能直译l 明喻 Similel1)刘玉翠回到村里，就好比好比是住进了监牢里。（康濯春种秋收）lHaving returned to the village，Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into prison.l2)He drove as if possessed by the devil.l他着魔似似的驾车狂奔。4l这个辞格在汉语和英语修辞里有着共同的特点，那就是明显地打比方，在本体和喻体之间都出现显而
3、易见的喻词，如：汉语里的“像”、“好像”、“比如”、“仿佛”、“好比”、“像一样”、“如一般”等等；英语里的like，as，as if，as though 等等。在翻译时，我们可利用其共同特点，用译文中相应的喻词来译原文里本体之间的喻词。5l英语里 as.as.结构的明喻大多可以直译：las cold as ice 冰冷 las hot as fire 火热las hard as rock 坚如磐石 las light as feather 轻如鸿毛6l下面的直译生动形象，也能被中国读者所理解接受：las busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌las bold as a lion 像狮子一
4、样勇猛las cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活las blind as a bat 像蝙蝠一样瞎7l 但部分明喻采用了语义双关，不能从字面上进行翻译，我们只要译出其实际意思便可：l as cool as a cucumber l 非常冷静（像黄瓜一样镇定）l as sharp as a needle l 十分精明（像针一样精明）l as tight as a drum l 手非常紧，不肯花钱（像鼓一样紧）l as sure as a gun l 一点不错（像枪一样确切）8l 暗喻；Metaphorl 1)何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是是人类思维的花朵。（徐迟：哥德巴赫猜想）
5、l What inspiring chapters!They are the flowers of the human brainwork.l 2)霎时间，东西长安街成了成了喧腾的大海。（袁鹰：十月长安街）l At once，the Eastern and Western Changan Roads became roaring oceans.l 3)Janes uncle is an old fox，up to all kinds of evils.l 简的叔叔是是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。l 4)After that long talk，Jim became the sun in he
6、r heart.l 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了成了她心中的太阳。9l汉语的暗喻和英语的暗喻都不露比喻的痕迹，把甲直接说成“是”乙或“变成了”乙，常用的喻词在汉语里有“是”、“变成”、“变为”、“成为”、“成了”、“当作”等，英语里常用“be”作喻词，也用“become”，“turn into”等词语。暗喻在翻译中一般也可采取直译。10l拟人；Personification1)每条岭都是那么温柔温柔，虽然下自山脚，上至岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人盛气凌人。（老舍：小花朵集）All the ridges were so amiable.None of them stood ab
7、ove the others with arrogance，though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.11l 2)“Dont talk to me about no opportunity any more.Opportunitys knocking down every door in the country，trying to get in.When I was young，a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.”
8、（Kurt Vonnegut:Tom Edisons Shaggy Dog）l“休说什么机会难逢。机会正在国内每家每户敲正在国内每家每户敲门门，想要进去呢想要进去呢。我年轻那会儿，人们得出门去寻找机会，揪着耳朵把它拖回来揪着耳朵把它拖回来。”12l3)How soon hath Time，the subtle thief of youth，stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!（John Milton）l时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了了我二十又三年飞走了。13l 夸张；Hyperbol
9、e1）我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年了一转眼已经六年了。（鲁迅：一件小事）Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside.2)She is the prettiest girl in the world.她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘世界上最漂亮的姑娘。14l 讳饰；Euphemism（委婉语）l 1）尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。就是那件东西那件东西，不得好木头，且慢慢地办着罢。”（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第十一回）l“Ive secretly sent people
10、 to get things prepared.But they havent found good wood for that thing yet，so we have to wait.”l 2)His daughter is rather weak in the head.l 他的女儿脑子不太好使脑子不太好使。（原文用“weak in the head”来回避“stupid”或“foolish”这两个词，译文用“脑子不太好使”来代替“笨”或“蠢”字。）15l 转喻；Metonymyl 1)秃头秃头站在白背心白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰，去研究背心上的文字。（鲁迅：示众）l Baldy，sta
11、nding almost directly opposite White Jerkin，stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.l 2)His wife spent all her life on the stage.（=theatrical profession）l 他的妻子在舞台舞台上度过了一生。（=戏剧工作，表演艺术）l 3)Paper and ink cut the throats of men，and the sound of a breath many shake the world.（=written words
12、；speech）l 纸墨纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音嗓音能震动整个世界。（纸墨=写几个字；嗓音=说几句话）16l有时采用意译来翻译转喻更为合适l1)Great minds think alike.（=Great people think alike.）l英雄英雄所见略同。（不宜译成“伟大的脑袋所见略同。”）l2)Gray hair should be respected.（gray hair=the aged）l老年人老年人应受到尊敬。（不宜译成“灰头发应受到尊敬。”）17l 省略；Ellipsisl 1)得到母亲去世的消息，我很悲痛。（“得到”=“我得到”）（朱德：母亲的回忆）l On hear
13、ing of my mothers death，I was caught in a tremendous grief.（“on hearing of”=“as soon as I heard of”）l 2)“When did he say this?”“At the playground.And walking home.Yesterday.”（=“He said this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.”（John Cheever:The Season of Divorce）“他什么时候说这话的?”“在广场上。昨天
14、回家的路上。”18l 折绕；Periphrasisl 1)“孔乙己，你脸上又添上新伤疤添上新伤疤了!”（鲁迅：孔乙己）（“添上新伤疤”意为“又挨打了”。）“Kong Yiji!Youve got fresh scars on your face!”l 2)胡思乱想，一夜也不曾合眼不曾合眼。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第十二回）（“不曾合眼”意为“没睡着觉”。）l Indulging himself in wild fancies，he did not close his eyes throughout the night.19l 3)Her olfactory system was suffering
15、from a temporary inconvenience.（=Her nose was blocked.）l 她的嗅觉系统暂时有些不便。（=她鼻塞。）l 4)His brother is a disturber of the piano keys.（=pianist）l 他哥哥是一个跟钢琴键找麻烦的人。（=钢琴家）l（这些折绕句有着幽默的效果。）20l 移就；Hypallagel 1)然而悲惨的皱纹悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。（鲁迅全集第二卷）l Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round
16、his mouth.l 2)广场上又烧起欢乐的篝火欢乐的篝火。（曲波：林海雪原）l Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.21l 3)After a happy day，she had a sleepless night.她在度过欢乐一天欢乐一天之后，却又熬过一个不眠之夜不眠之夜。l 4)In the examination，the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher，who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.l 在考场上，那个男孩用紧张的眼光
17、紧张的眼光瞥了老师一眼，老师显然怀疑到他在作弊。22l 把本来用以修饰人的形容词移属于同人有关的抽象物或具体物，这种貌似错误、实为妙用的修辞格叫做“移就”（hypallage），它通过词语巧妙的“移植”，来取得常规搭配所无法得到的效果。23l 呼告；Apostrophel 1)敬爱的周总理啊敬爱的周总理啊，人民想念您您，祖国需要您您，我们的党不能没有您您!l Oh，our beloved Premier Zhou，our people miss you very much，our motherland is in need of you，and our Party cannot afford
18、to have your departure!l 2)England!awake!awake!awake!Jerusalem thy sister calls!英格兰英格兰!醒来!醒来!醒来吧!你你的姐姐耶路撒冷在呼唤着你!24l呼告就是在说话或写文章时，对本来不在身边的人或物直接进行呼唤，并与之对起话来。呼告分呼人和呼物。25l 递升；Climaxl 1)事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。消灭一点一点，舒服一点一点；消灭得多得多，舒服得多得多；彻底彻底消灭，彻底彻底舒服。（毛泽东：关于重庆谈判）l This is the way things are：if they att
19、ack and we wipe them out，they will have that satisfaction；wipe out some，some satisfaction；wipe out more，more satisfaction；wipe out the whole lot，complete satisfaction.26l 2)It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen；to scourge him is a crime；to put him to death is almost parricide.（Cicero）l 绑架一个罗马公民是一
20、种违法行为一种违法行为；对他进行肉体折磨是一种犯罪行为一种犯罪行为；把他处死几乎等于杀父杀父母一样的叛逆行为母一样的叛逆行为。l 3)Threaten him，imprison him，torture him，kill him：you will not induce him to betray his country.l 威胁他威胁他，监禁他监禁他，拷打他拷打他，处死他处死他：这些都不能使他背叛自己的国家。27l把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、由轻到重、由近到远、由易到难、由浅到深等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫递升，英语里称作 climax。运用这一修辞手法，能够使要表达的思想逐步加深、感
21、情逐步强化，因而能增强语言的说服力和感染力。28l 递降：Bathos；Anti-climax l 1)确实的，现在我们队伍中确有许多同志被这种作风带坏了。对于国内外国内外、省内外省内外、县内外县内外、区区内外内外的具体情况，不愿作系统的周密的调查和研究，仅仅根据一知半解，根据“想当然”，就在那里发号施令。（毛泽东改造我们的学习）l There are indeed many comrades in our ranks who have been led astray by this style of work.Unwilling to carry on systematic and thor
22、ough investigation and study of the specific conditions inside and outside the country，the province，country or district，they issue orders on no other basis than their scanty knowledge and“It must be so because it seems so to me”.29l 2)How haughtily he cocks his nose，l To tell what every schoolboy kn
23、ows.（J.Swift）l 他昂首挺胸，趾高气扬，傲慢无比，l 讲开了每个小学生都知道的东西。l 3)The explosion completely destroyed a church，two houses，and a flowerpot.这起爆炸事故彻底毁坏了一个教堂、两所房屋和一个教堂、两所房屋和一个花盆一个花盆。30l把事物按由大到小、由长到短、由高到低、由重到轻、由远到近、由难到易、由深到浅等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫递降，英语称作 bathos，或称 anti-climax。汉语里的递降一般是一种“渐降”，即楼梯式的逐渐下降，而英语里的 bathos 却常常是一种“突降”，即令
24、读者措手不及的突然下降，能产生幽默的效果。31l 反语；Ironyl 1)周蘩漪：你这一次到矿上去，也是学着你父亲的英雄榜样英雄榜样，把一个真正明白你，爱你的人丢开不管么?（曹禺：雷雨）l FAN：And the reason why you are going away to the mine is that youre following your fathers heroic example and throwing over the one person who really understands and loves you?l 2)根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人天底下头等
25、大好人，浑身上下毫无缺点浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有连肚脐眼都没有。（宗福先于无声处）l According to the official write-ups in the papers，hes the best man in the world.He doesnt have a single defect in his whole body.Why，he doesnt even have a belly-button!32l 3)What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!they let t
26、he paupers go to sleep!（Charles Dickens）l 以此说明他那行善的行善的国家的仁慈仁慈法律是多么有意有意义义的例证!他们竟允许穷人睡觉!l 4)“The boy has broken another glass，”said the mother.l“A fine thing!”the father replied.l 母亲说：“小家伙又打碎了一个杯子。”l 父亲回答道：“好得很好得很!”33l使用同本意完全相反的词句来表达本意，明显含有嘲弄讽刺的意思，从而使本意更加突出，这种修辞方法叫做反语，英语里称 irony。对这一辞格采用直译能保留原文嘲弄的修辞效果。
27、34l 跳脱；Aposiopesisl 1)何是非：秀英!又发呆了。唉，家里现在是多顺心的日子哦，就是你就是你（宗福先：于无声处）l He Shifei：Xiuying.There you are，standing around in a daze again.Weve never had it so good as we have now，but you.（“就是你”：“就是你神情恍惚，精神不神情恍惚，精神不振，弄得大家不高兴振，弄得大家不高兴。”）l 2)Four hours ago the child was alive and well，but now.!l 四个小时以前，这孩子还好好
28、的活着，一点都没事，可现可现在却在却（“but now.”：“but now he is dead.”）35l话说到一半，突然停住了，使听者或读者自己去领悟言外之意，这种修辞方式称跳脱，英语里称 aposiopesis。汉英两种语言里的跳脱有着共同的特点，可以采取直译。36l 排比；Parallelism；Parataxisl 1）生产多么需要科学!革命多么需要科学!人民多么需要科学!l（秦牧：向科学技术现代化进军的战鼓）l Our production is in burning need of science!l Our revolution is in burning need of s
29、cience!l Our people are in burning need of science!37l 2)We can gain knowledge，by reading，by reflection,by observation or by practice.（parallelism）l 求知门径颇多，或阅读，或思考，或观察，或实或阅读，或思考，或观察，或实践践。l 3)I came，I saw，I conquered.（parataxis）l 我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜。l 4)We laughed，we sang，we danced.（parataxis）l 我们纵情欢笑，
30、我们放声歌唱，我们翩翩起舞。38l为了达到一定的渲染效果，连着使用结构相同或相似的句子或词组，汉语里叫排比，英语里称 parallelism。排比要求三项或三项以上，字数不限，允许出现同形词语，这些都不同于对偶。英语里另有一种排比格，称 parataxis，特点是分句或短语之间不使用连接词，而是用逗号或分号，但它在结构上可以是三项或三项以上，也可以是两项。39l 设问；Question and Answerl 不知细叶谁裁出？（问）l 二月春风似剪刀。（答）（贺知章：咏柳）l But do you know by whom these young leaves are cut out?l Th
31、e early spring wind is as sharp as scissor blade.l Shall I compare thee to a summers day?（问）l Thou art more lovely and more temperate.（答）（Shakespeare）l 我能不能拿夏天来同你相比?l 你呀比夏天来得可爱和温煦。40l所谓设问，就是明知故问，自问自答，以达到加强语气、引人注意的修辞效果。41l 反问；Rhetoric Questionl 1)幸因腐草出，l 敢近太阳飞?（杜甫：萤火）l By chance youre born from grass
32、es of decay，l Dare you fly near where shines the light of day?l 2)醉卧沙场君莫笑，l 古来征战几人回?（王翰：凉州词）l 3）O，if you felt the pain I feel!l But O，who ever felt as I?l（W.S.Landor）l 啊，要是你能体会这痛苦!l 唉，可谁的感觉像我一样?42l为了加强语气，有意向读者或听者从反面提出不答自明、答在其中的问题，叫做反问，英语里称 rhetoric question。43l 谲辞；White Liel 1)这里宝玉忙忙的穿了衣裳出来，忽见黛玉在前面慢
33、慢的走着，似乎有拭泪之状，便忙赶着上来笑道：“妹妹往哪里去?怎么又哭了?又是谁得罪了你了？”黛玉回头见是宝玉，便勉强笑道：“好好的，我何曾哭来好好的，我何曾哭来。”宝玉笑道：“你瞧瞧，眼睛上的泪珠儿没干，还撒谎呢!”（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第三十二回）l Baoyu hurried out after changing his clothes to see Daiyu walking slowly ahead，apparently wiping her eyes.He overtook her.l“Where are you going，cousin?”he asked with a smile.“
34、What，crying again?Whos offended you this time?”l Daiyu turned and saw who it was.l“Im all right.”She gave a wan smile.“I wasnt crying.”l“Dont fib your eyes are still wet.”44l 2）A lad got on a bus to travel up to the West End.He offered the conductor 2 pence.“You cant travel for 2 pence if you are ov
35、er 14,”said the conductor.l“Thats right，mate，”said the boy.“Im only 13.”l“Oh，yes?And when will you be 14?”l“As soon as I get off the bus.”（300 Western Humorous Stories）l 一个男孩走上公共汽车，到伦敦市西区去。他拿出两个便士向售票员买票。售票员说：“如果你超过十四岁，就不能只花两个便士乘车了。”l 男孩说：“对了，老兄，我才十三岁呢我才十三岁呢。”l 售票员问：“哦，是吗?那你什么时候才十四岁呢?”l 男孩回答说：“一下车就是了
36、。”45l 3)A young girl entered a hospital to see her boyfriend.She walked boldly up to a woman whom she took to be a nurse there.“May I see Mr Jackson，please?”She said politely.l“Certainly,”said the woman.“By the way，may I ask who you are?”l“Im his sister,”calmly replied the girl.l“Well，well!”chuckled the woman.“Im so glad to meet you，honey.Im his mother.”l 一位年轻的姑娘走进医院探望男朋友。有一位妇女在那里，姑娘以为她是医院里的护士，壮着胆子走上前去。姑娘彬彬有礼地问：“请问，我可以来探望杰克逊先生吗?”l 妇女回答说：“当然可以啦。顺便问一声，你是什么人?”l 姑娘镇定地回答：“我是他的妹妹我是他的妹妹。”l 妇女轻轻地笑着说：“嗬嗬！好乖乖，我真高兴看到你哪。我是他的妈妈呀!”46l用来掩饰真情的假话叫做谲辞，英语里称 white lie。l一般无伤大雅，也不含恶意。4748
