1、1-1Manure and Odor Management Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine OperationsSystems for Swine Operations猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统1-2Environmental Impact of Swine Environmental Impact of Swine ManureManure猪粪对环境的影响猪粪对环境的影响1-3Environmental Benefits of ManureEnvironmental Benefits of Manure猪粪对环境
2、的好处猪粪对环境的好处 N leaching N leaching potentialpotential 减少氮沥滤作用减少氮沥滤作用 soil erosion&soil erosion&runoffrunoff 减少土壤侵蚀和径流减少土壤侵蚀和径流 soil carbon.soil carbon.土壤的碳增加土壤的碳增加 crop productivity crop productivity 提高作物生产率提高作物生产率Replace energy Replace energy intensive N fertilizer intensive N fertilizer&limited res
3、ource P&limited resource P fertilizerfertilizer 能够省下因制造无机氮能够省下因制造无机氮肥导致的巨大能耗，还能肥导致的巨大能耗，还能节约磷肥资源节约磷肥资源20-4 Summary of potential manure contaminants of water quality,the associated Summary of potential manure contaminants of water quality,the associated environmental risk,and most common pathway to w
4、ater.environmental risk,and most common pathway to water.小结：粪便物质对水质的污染小结：粪便物质对水质的污染 、有关的环境危害以及对水质最常见的污染途径、有关的环境危害以及对水质最常见的污染途径Potential PollutantEnvironmental risk Most common pathway to waterNitrate-N Ammonia-N Phosphorous-PPathogensOrganic solidsBlue baby syndromeFish kills EutrophicationHuman hea
5、lth riskReduced oxygen level in water body-fish killsLeaching to groundwaterSurface water runoffErosion and surface water runoffSurface water runoffSurface water runoff Surface runoff 地表水径流Unsaturated Unsaturated ZoneZoneWater TableWater Table地下水位地下水位Sand&Gravel Sand&Gravel AquiferAquiferBedrockBedr
6、ockLeaching to groundwater沥滤入地下水Well casings井壁保护层PrivatePrivateWellWell122234Ammonia deposition氨沉降5Macropore flow大孔流1-5What are the Pathways What are the Pathways by which Manure Contaminates Water?by which Manure Contaminates Water?粪便造成水污染的途径粪便造成水污染的途径30-6Planning and Evaluation of Manure StoragePl
7、anning and Evaluation of Manure Storage对储粪设施的规划和评述对储粪设施的规划和评述20-720-8Why Do We Store Manure?Why Do We Store Manure?为什么要储存粪便？为什么要储存粪便？To reduce the need for frequent hauling and land spreading 避免频频装运和施肥To allow land spreading at a time when soil and climatic conditions are suitable 在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥To
8、 allow nutrient application at or near the crops growing season在接近和正处于作物栽培季节时进行施肥20-9Manure Storage TypesManure Storage Types储粪设施的类型储粪设施的类型20-10Commonly UsedCommonly UsedManure Storage FacilitiesManure Storage Facilities通常应用的储粪设施通常应用的储粪设施Based primarily on type and consistency Based primarily on typ
9、e and consistency of manure of manure 主要根据粪便的类型和质地主要根据粪便的类型和质地Solid Solid 固体固体Slurry Slurry 粪浆粪浆Liquid Liquid 液体液体30-11系统类型系统类型带圈舍的敞开式牧场舍饲稀释固体物径流处理和储存固体物多于15%粪浆415%固体物厌氧发酵池04%固体物土质储粪池02%固体物农田施肥施肥机植被过滤抽吸灌溉设备真空罐或重型泵槽车去除固体物20-12Under-floor Deep Pit Manure Under-floor Deep Pit Manure Storage Storage 地下深
10、坑储粪坑地下深坑储粪坑地下储粪坑地下储粪坑真空抽吸口真空抽吸口20-13Totally Slatted Deep Pit(3 meters Totally Slatted Deep Pit(3 meters deep)Finishing Barndeep)Finishing Barn全条板深坑全条板深坑(3(3米深米深)-)-肥育舍肥育舍20-14Shallow Gutter Manure StorageShallow Gutter Manure Storage浅储粪槽浅储粪槽18 meters18 meters1818米米(两端出口两端出口)(一端出口一端出口)Slurry Manure S
11、torageSlurry Manure Storage粪浆储存粪浆储存 Outside Tanks Outside Tanks 户外储粪罐户外储粪罐Usually concrete or glass-lined steel tanks.通常是水泥结构或是内衬玻璃的钢板结构Manure may be pumped or flow into tank by gravity.粪便可用泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内Agitation is necessary.需要进行搅动Tanks may be covered for odor control.可将罐盖上，以防臭气四散20-1520-16Slurry
12、Manure StorageSlurry Manure Storage粪浆储存粪浆储存 Earthen BasinsEarthen Basins土质储粪池土质储粪池Usually less costly than tanks建造成本低于储粪罐Can accommodate some lot runoff 可容纳露天牧场的一部分径流水Requires soils investigation and seal construction需要调查土层情况并建造密封层Mowing and berm maintenance required需要对护道进行保养并修剪护道区的植被Slurry Manure S
13、torageSlurry Manure Storage粪浆储存粪浆储存 Earthen BasinsEarthen Basins土质储粪池土质储粪池 (continued)(continued)(续续)Some basins are fully or partially lined with concrete.有些土质储粪池全部或部分内壁衬以水泥Constructed ramps provide access with loading and hauling equipment.要建造斜道，供装运设备进入Basins may be emptied with mechanical loading
14、 equipment.可配备机械装运设备20-1720-18Advantages ofAdvantages of Slurry Manure Storage Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的优点粪浆储存的优点Less volume(higher solids content)than lagoons.所需容量（固体物质含量高）小于发酵池Adaptable to tank storage,either underfloor or aboveground.可储存于储粪罐,储粪罐可建造在地下,也可在地面以上Tanks may becovered for odor control.
15、若用储粪罐，则可加盖以防臭气四散Less nutrient loss than lagoons.养分的损失小于发酵池Manure may be handled hydraulically.可用水压设备抽吸粪便20-19Disadvantages ofDisadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点粪浆储存的缺点May be higher odor potential than lagoons or solid manure.臭气大于发酵池 或固体粪便Gases from poorly ventilated u
16、nderfloor pits may affect animals.通风不良的地下储粪坑中产生的有毒气体有害于动物Toxic or combustible gases can accumulate in enclosed areas.密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气体20-20Hauling many loads of manure may be time consuming and labor intensive.多次装运既费时又费工Potential for odor and/or runoff if slurry is surface spread without injection or
17、 incorporation.如果田间施肥时仅施于土表，则易于散发臭气并随径流水流走Disadvantages ofDisadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点粪浆储存的缺点 (continued)(continued)(续续)20-21Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsLiquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池液粪发酵池Commonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odo
18、rs常用于需要进行处理以便于装运及减少臭气的场合Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria留有永久性的处理空间供细菌活动Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities土质结构，大于粪浆储存设施Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsLiquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池液粪发酵池 (continued)(continued)(续续)Site and soils investigation required.需要对建造地点的土壤和地质情况进行调
19、查Properly constructed seal is necessary to control seepage.必须建造密封层以防渗流Designed on basis of temperature as well as manure volume.根据温度和粪便量进行设计Perform better in warmer climates.天气温暖时性能较好20-2220-23Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsLiquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池液粪发酵池 (continued)(continued)(续续)Source of di
20、lution water facilitates prefilling lagoon at startup开始时要先用稀释水灌注粪池Helps maintain treatment volume during periods of dry weather有助于在天气干旱时保持处理空间Reduces effects of salt buildup in lagoons可减轻池内积聚盐类20-24Advantages of Liquid Manure Advantages of Liquid Manure Storage LagoonsStorage Lagoons液粪发酵池液粪发酵池 的优点的优
21、点May be least cost per unit of storage 单位储存容量的成本较低Ability to store large amounts of manure and/or lot runoff 能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水Provides some treatment of manure,reducing odors and degrading solids 能对粪便进行一定的处理、减少臭气并分解其中的固体物Enables handling of manure with pumping and spreading equipment 能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理20-
22、25 Nitrogen lost and retained in various types of manure handling and storage systems.各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮的损失和潴留SystemNitrogen Lost,%Nitrogen Retained,%Daily scrape and haulManure pack Under floor pit Aboveground tank Holding pond Anaerobic lagoon 20-3520-4015-3010-3020-4070-8565-8060-8070-8570-9060-8015-3
23、020-26Cost and Economics of Manure Cost and Economics of Manure Storage FacilitiesStorage Facilities储粪设施的成本和经济储粪设施的成本和经济Cost should be integrated into an economic analysis of the complete manure management system.成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统的经济分析之中A complete economic analysis may not support selection of the lowe
24、st cost manure storage facility.全面经济分析的结果可能并不支持采用最低成本的储粪设施20-27 Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.不同类型储粪设施的成本比较不同类型储粪设施的成本比较Storage TypeApproximate Cost$/cubic meter(US)Relative CostNaturally lined
25、earthen basin Clay-lined earthen basin using clay onsiteClay-lined earthen basin using clay from off-farm borrow siteEarthen basin with plastic liner Earthen basin lined with concrete Aboveground precast concrete tank Circular aboveground concrete tank poured in placeAboveground glass-lined steel ta
26、nk 9182220223641501.02.02.42.22.44.04.65.620-28Sizing Manure StoragesSizing Manure Storages储粪设施的大小储粪设施的大小20-29Manure Storage SizeManure Storage Size储粪设施的大小储粪设施的大小Determined by volume of manure produced,Determined by volume of manure produced,rainfall,runoff,wash water,and fresh water rainfall,runoff
27、,wash water,and fresh water used for flushing used for flushing 决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量Storage period neededStorage period needed储存期限储存期限Short Term Short Term 短期短期Mid Term Mid Term 中期中期Long Term Long Term 长期长期1-30Table 8.Manure Characteristics(pigs).Table 8.Man
28、ure Characteristics(pigs).猪粪的特猪粪的特点点Livestock StagesManure prod.kg/yr.Total N kg/kl()NH3-N kg/kl()P2O5 kg/kl()Grow/Fin.(deep pit)1,600 6.0 4.0 5.0Grow/Fin.(wet/dry feeder)1,150 9.0 6.0 6.5Grow/Fin.(earthen pit)1,600 3.8 2.9 2.630-31Evaluate Total RainfallEvaluate Total Rainfall总降雨量估测总降雨量估测Total rain
29、fall for Kunming equals 950 Total rainfall for Kunming equals 950 mmmm 昆明总降雨量昆明总降雨量950950毫米毫米Other locations 1900 mmOther locations 1900 mm 其它地点其它地点19001900毫米毫米昆明昆明降雨量降雨量(毫米毫米)温度温度()()1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12月份 右图中：右图中：柱状代表降雨柱状代表降雨曲线代表温度曲线代表温度1-32Water:source of trouble?Water:source of trouble?水是麻
30、烦的根源？水是麻烦的根源？The wetter the waste,the more difficult it is to manage.The wetter the waste,the more difficult it is to manage.粪便越湿，则越难管理粪便越湿，则越难管理Transport,storage,and treatment become more expensive.Transport,storage,and treatment become more expensive.运运输、储存和处理都很昂贵输、储存和处理都很昂贵Feces are 30%dry matter
31、.Feces are 30%dry matter.粪便含干物质粪便含干物质 30%30%Lagoon waste is 1%-2%dry matter.Lagoon waste is 1%-2%dry matter.粪便发酵池粪便含干物质粪便发酵池粪便含干物质1 12%2%20-33 Typical water usage rates for cleaning swine production areas.清洗猪生产区的典型用水量Production AreaTypical Water UsageSwine breeding/gestationSwine farrowingSwine nurs
32、erySwine grow/finish0.4 liters per head per day3.8 liters per head per day0.2 liters per head per day0.4 liters per head per day1-34Water waste can be reduced.Water waste can be reduced.可减少废水可减少废水Design water-independent waste collection system.Design water-independent waste collection system.设计不用水的
33、粪便收集系统设计不用水的粪便收集系统Place special water nipples or cups under nipples.Place special water nipples or cups under nipples.使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.使用干使用干-湿饲槽或液体饲槽湿饲槽或液体饲槽Fix water leaks and use low-water cleaning methodsFix water l
34、eaks and use low-water cleaning methods 修理漏水处，使用低水量清洗方法修理漏水处，使用低水量清洗方法Prevent rain water from entering waste stream.Prevent rain water from entering waste stream.防止雨水进入粪便管理系统防止雨水进入粪便管理系统Water:source of trouble?Water:source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源？水是麻烦的根源？(continued)(continued)(续续)Livestock and Poultry En
35、vironmental Stewardship25-36Natural SystemsNatural Systems天然系统天然系统 Vegetative filter stripsVegetative filter strips 植被过滤带植被过滤带 Overland flowOverland flow 地表水流地表水流 Constructed wetlandsConstructed wetlands 人工湿地人工湿地25-37Constructed WetlandsConstructed Wetlands人工湿地人工湿地Types include surface flow,subsurfa
36、ce flow,reciprocating,Types include surface flow,subsurface flow,reciprocating,and wetland pondand wetland pond包括地表水流，表层下水流，交互水流和湿地池包括地表水流，表层下水流，交互水流和湿地池30-38Solids SeparationSolids Separation固体物分离固体物分离30-39Solids SeparationSolids Separation固体物分离固体物分离Gravity or MechanicalGravity or Mechanical 重力或机械重
37、力或机械Reduce organic loading Reduce organic loading to storage or treatment to storage or treatment unitunit减少储粪池或处理设施减少储粪池或处理设施中的有机物中的有机物Reduce liquid manure Reduce liquid manure volume and N contentvolume and N content 减少液体的量和氮含量减少液体的量和氮含量30-40Solid Separation Solid Separation 固体物分离固体物分离Flexibility
38、in application Flexibility in application 应用灵活应用灵活Odor reduction Odor reduction 减少臭气减少臭气Compost or direct applicationCompost or direct application 制作堆肥或直接施用于田间制作堆肥或直接施用于田间Value-added products Value-added products 增值产品增值产品30-41Gravity Separation 重力分离Land and slope requirement Land and slope requireme
39、nt 需要场地和斜坡需要场地和斜坡many farms have limited space between barns many farms have limited space between barns and lagoon/basins and lagoon/basins 许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间的许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间的空间有限空间有限Modify plumbing to collect manure from all Modify plumbing to collect manure from all houseshouses要重排管道，要能从所有的猪舍收集粪便要重排管道，要能从
40、所有的猪舍收集粪便Requires loader to remove solidsRequires loader to remove solids 需要装载机以清除固体物需要装载机以清除固体物30-42穿孔管道出口穿孔管道出口孔孔=1=14 4英寸英寸水泥沉降池水泥沉降池池高池高1 12 2英尺英尺1 1英寸英寸/英尺的斜英尺的斜坡坡池长池长池宽池宽9 9号，号，3/43/4英寸英寸展延金属丝网，展延金属丝网，与墙壁斜度与墙壁斜度1818度。度。4 4英尺可英尺可取下取下30-432-cell concrete settling basin2室水泥沉降池InleInlet tOutletOut
41、letOutletOutlet出口出口出口出口进口进口30-4430-4530-4630-47Is This Manure Handling Is This Manure Handling System Properly Sized?System Properly Sized?此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？30-48Gravity Screen Gravity Screen SeparationSeparation重力筛分离重力筛分离30-49Gravity Screen with Roller Press重力筛+辊筒压榨30-50Screw Press Separa
42、torsScrew Press Separators螺旋压榨分离分离机螺旋压榨分离分离机入口入口固体物固体物液体出口液体出口筛筛30-51CompostingComposting制作堆肥制作堆肥Aerobic biological process to Aerobic biological process to treat organic wastes treat organic wastes 处理有机废处理有机废物的需氧生物学过程物的需氧生物学过程C:N and%Moisture C:N and%Moisture 碳碳:氮比和水氮比和水分含量分含量Volume,odor and nutrie
43、nt Volume,odor and nutrient reduction reduction 减少体积、臭气和养分减少体积、臭气和养分Land application,soil Land application,soil amendment amendment 用于田间，可改良土壤用于田间，可改良土壤Marketing and quality control Marketing and quality control are limiting factors for off-are limiting factors for off-farm use farm use 销售渠道和质量控制是猪销
44、售渠道和质量控制是猪场外应用的限制因素场外应用的限制因素Static Pile w/Forced Static Pile w/Forced AerationAeration静态堆积加强制曝静态堆积加强制曝气气30-52SafetySafety安全问题安全问题Signage and Fencing Signage and Fencing 警示牌和围栏警示牌和围栏Toxic Gases Toxic Gases 有毒气体有毒气体When stored manure is agitated When stored manure is agitated 对储存的粪便对储存的粪便进行搅动时进行搅动时Hyd
45、rogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide 硫化氢硫化氢Provide maximum ventilation Provide maximum ventilation 要提供最大通风要提供最大通风30-53SafetySafety安全问题安全问题“Do not allow anyone to enter“Do not allow anyone to enter a manure tank without a self-a manure tank without a self-contained breathing apparatus contained breathing a
46、pparatus and use the buddy system”.and use the buddy system”.不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机的情况下进入储粪设施，进入时必的情况下进入储粪设施，进入时必须实行各自为对方安全负责的须实行各自为对方安全负责的“两两人同行制人同行制”1-54Keeping an Eye on Water QualityKeeping an Eye on Water Quality关注水质问题关注水质问题Take time to walk your operationTake time to walk your operatio
47、n 花费些时间巡视你的猪场花费些时间巡视你的猪场Monitor water quality Monitor water quality 注意水质问题注意水质问题Observe minimum setbacksObserve minimum setbacks 要寻找哪怕是最小的问题要寻找哪怕是最小的问题Develop a nutrient management planDevelop a nutrient management plan 制定养分管理计划制定养分管理计划30-55All nutrients(not just N),pathogens,andAll nutrients(not ju
48、st N),pathogens,andother biologically sensitive materials in manure other biologically sensitive materials in manure must be considered to use it in the most must be considered to use it in the most economical,environmentally safe manner.economical,environmentally safe manner.对粪便中所有的养分对粪便中所有的养分(不仅是氮
49、不仅是氮)、病原体和其它生物学、病原体和其它生物学敏感物质敏感物质,都应该考虑以最经济而安全的方式加以利用都应该考虑以最经济而安全的方式加以利用30-56Airborne Emissions from Animal Airborne Emissions from Animal Facilities:Big ConcernFacilities:Big Concern来自饲养设施的气源散发：巨大的担忧来自饲养设施的气源散发：巨大的担忧30-57Air Emission ConcernsAir Emission Concerns担忧气源散发担忧气源散发Who 谁在担忧Communities and
50、neighbors 社区和邻居Producers 生产者Government agencies 政府部门担忧什么担忧什么OdorOdor臭味臭味Property value Property value 财产价值财产价值HealthHealth健康健康CostCost成本成本OtherOther其他其他30-58Health Impacts Health Impacts 对健康的危害对健康的危害Psychological response 生理上的反应Greater anger,depression,fatigue 愤怒，沮丧和疲劳Physiological response 生理反应Alle
