1、Part AThe business organisation,its stakeholders and the external environment精选1Chapter 1Business organizations and their stakeholders精选21 Types of organisation 1.1 What all organisations have in common An organisation is:a social arrangement which pursues collective goals,which controls its own per
2、formance and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.精选3 1.2 Why do organisations exist?Organisations can achieve results which individuals can not achieve by themselves.(a)Oraganisations overcome peoples individual limitations,whether physical or intellectural.(b)Organisations enabl
3、e people to specialise in what they do best.(c)Organisations save time.(d)Organisations accumulate and share knowledge.(e)Organisations enable synerge.In brief,organisations enable people to be more productive.精选4 1.3 How organisations differ Ownership(Public vs Private)Owned by the government(publi
4、c sector organisations)Owned by private owners or shareholders(private sector organisations)Control Controlled by the owners themselves Controlled by people working on their behalf Indirectly controlled by government-sponsored regulators精选5 Activity Profit or non-profit orientation Legal status Limi
5、ted companies Partnerships Size精选6 Sources of finance Borrowing from banks Government funding Issuing shares Technology Varying degrees of technology use精选7 1.4 What the organisation does Organisations do many different types of work精选82 Types of business organisation 2.1 Profit vs non-profit orient
6、ation Profit orientation Maximise profit(to owners)Non profit orientation Provision of goods/services(to public/beneficiaries)精选9 2.2 Private vs public sector Private sector Organisations not owned or run by central or local government,or government agencies.Public sector Organisation owned or run b
7、y central or local government agencies.精选10 2.3 Private sector businesses A business organisation exists to make a profit.Costs should be less than the revenues.Profits are not incidental to its activities but the driving factor.精选11 2.3.1 Legal status Someone setting up a business can choose to go
8、into business alone,take on one or more partners who also share the profits of the business,or set up a limited company.精选12 2.3.2 Limited companies A limited company has a separate legal personality from its owners(shareholders).The shareholders risk is generally restricted to the amount that they
9、have invested in the company when buying the shares.Limited liability精选13 The ownership and control of a limited company are legally separate.Shareholders are the owners but have limited rights,as shareholders,over the day to day running of the company.精选14 Directors are appointed by shareholders to
10、 run the company.Board of directors controls management and staff,and is accountable to the shareholders Executive directors participate in the daily operation of the organisation.Non-executive directors are invited to join in an advisory capacity,usually to bring their particular skills or experien
11、ce to the discussions of the board to exercise some overall guidance.精选15 Operational management usually consists of career managers who are recruited to operate the business,and are accountable to the board.精选16 2.3.3 Types of limited company Private limited companies(eg X Limited)Public limited co
12、mpanies(eg X plc)They differ as follows:(a)Number of shareholders(b)Transferability of shares(c)Directors as shareholders(d)Source of capital A private companys share capital will normally be provided from three sources:the founder or promoter;business associates of the founder or employer;venture c
13、apitalists A public companys share capital can be raised from the public directly,or through institutional investors,using recognised markets,精选17 2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of limited companies Advantages More money Reduces risk for investors Separate legal personality Ownership is legally
14、separate from control No restrictions on size Flexibility Disadvantages Legal compliance costs Shareholders have little practical power精选18 2.4 The public sector The public sector comprises all organisations owned and run by the government and local government.精选19 2.4.1 Key characteristics of the p
15、ublic sector(a)Accountability,ultimately,to Parliament.(b)Funding Raising taxes Making charges Borrowing(c)Demand for services:limitless(d)Limited resources精选20 2.4.2 Advantages(a)Fairness(b)Filling the gaps left by the private sector(c)Public interest(d)Economies of scale(e)Cheaper finance(f)Effici
16、ency精选21 2.4.3 Disadvantages(a)Accountability Inefficiency may be ignored(b)Interference Politicians may not be familiar with the operation of a business and yet political pressures and indecision may influence adversely the decision making process.(c)Cost The public will demand as perfect a service
17、 as possible but will not wish to bear the cost involved.精选22 2.5 Non-governmental organisations A non-governmental organisation(NGO)is an independent voluntary association of people acting together for some common purpose(other than achieving government office or making money).Aimed at promoting so
18、cial,political or environmental change.精选23 Some organisational features of NGOs Staffing by volunteers as well as full time employees Finance from grants or contracts Skills in advertising and media relations Some kind of national headquarters Planning and budgeting expertise精选24 2.6 Co-operative s
19、ocieties and mutual associations Co-operatives are businesses owned by their workers or customers,who share the profits.Open membership Democratic control(one member,one vote)Distribution of the surplus in proportion to purchases Promotion of education Mutual associations are similar to co-operative
20、 societies in that they are owned by their members rather than by outside investors.精选25Questions A limited company has a separate legal identity from its owners.True or false.A True B False Answer:A 精选26 Which of the following provides an example of a boundary separating an organisation from its en
21、vironment?A A divisional structure B Systems and procedures C Factory gates D Recruitment policy Answer:C精选27 Primary and secondary goals are equally important in an organisation.Is this statement true or false?A True B False Answer:B精选28 Which of the following best describes the public sector?A Com
22、panies where profits are the driving factor B Companies which are owned by a wide proportion of the investing public C All those organisations owned and run by the government and local government D Businesses owned by their workers or customers,who share the profits Answer:C精选293 Stakeholder goals a
23、nd objectives Stakeholders are those individuals or groups that,potentially,have an interest in what the organisation does.Objectives must consider stakeholders.Johnson and Scholes identified three types of stakeholder:I C E精选30 3.1 Internal stakeholders:employees and management Employees Managers 3
24、.2 Connected stakeholders Shareholders(corporate strategy)Bankers(cash flows)Suppliers(purchase strategy)Customers(product market strategy)3.3 External stakeholders Government Interest/pressure groups Professional bodies精选31 3.4 Another approach Primary stakeholders:have a contractual relationship w
25、ith the organisation.Includes internal and connected stakeholders.Secondary stakeholders.Equates to external stakeholders.3.5 Stakeholder conflict Between managers and shareholders精选323.6 Stakeholder mapping:power and interestMendelows Matrix 精选33The matrix outlines how to approach each stakeholder
26、Stakeholder mapping is used to assess the significance of stakeholder groups.Segment D:strategy must be acceptable key players Segment C:keep satisfied Segment B:keep informed Segment A:minimal effort Stakeholders may move from quadrant to quadrant.精选34 3.7 The strategic value of stakeholders The fi
27、rm can make strategic gains from managing stakeholder relationships.3.8 Measuring stakeholder satisfaction Qualitative Quantitative精选35Questions Which of the following is not a connected stakeholder?A Customer B Employee C Landlord(Lessor)D Shareholder Answer:B精选36Questions If a stakeholder has a hi
28、gh level of interest in the company and has high power under Mendelows stakeholder mapping grid,the stakeholder is classified as:A Minimal effort B Keep informed C Key players D Keep satisfied Answer:C精选37 Which of the following is a connected stakeholder?A Professional body B Employee C Supplier D
29、Manager Answer:C精选38 Why can conflict between stakeholders be quite common?A Different shareholders will have different risk/return profiles B Managers do not need to take their views into account C Their interests will generally be widely different D All of the above Answer:C精选39 Which of the following is regarded as a primary stakeholder?A One who is more strategically important than others B The government C One who has a contractual relationship with the organisation D An external stakeholder Answer:C精选40SUMMARY精选41精选42精选43精选44精选45
