1、2 有机物的命名1 烷烃（alkanes）1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane Alkane=Number prefix-anefor examp
2、le:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 1119Alkane=Number prefix-decanefor example:11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tet
3、radecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane=Number prefix-cosane for example:21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane 30-Alkane Triacont
4、ane 3139Alkane=Number prefix-triacontane for example:31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 4090Alkane=Number prefix-contanefor example:40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60
5、Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane 1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如：CH3-Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2-Undecyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3-Methylpentane Univalent r
6、adicals Radical=Alk-ylfor example:CH3-Methyl CH3CH2-Ethyl CH3CH2CH2-Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylSaturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkanefor example:CCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C CCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-DimethylpropaneUnivalent branched radicalsRa
7、dical=Alk-ylfor example:CCCCCCCCC2-Methylpropyl3-Methylbutyl1234CCCCsec-Butyl CCCCCtert-Butyl Alkanes The names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Table 1 Names of continuous-chain alkanes CH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H1
8、0ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42Eicosane Alkenes and Alkynes Unbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing
9、the ending-ane of the alkane name with-ene.If there are two or more double bonds,the ending is-adiene,-atriene,etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending-ane of the alkane name with-yne.If there are two or more triple bonds,the ending is-adiyne,-atriyne etc.
10、Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups,alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.Table 2 Some Alkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,Alkynes AlkanesAlkylsAlkenesalkynesIUPACCommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl(amyl)PentenePentyleneP
11、entyneHexaneHexyl HeptaneHeptyl OctaneOctyl NonaneNonyl DecaneDecyl -ane-yl-ene-ene-yne The Prefixes In the IUPAC system,alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent(for example,iodomethane).Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in T
12、able 3.Table 3 Some Functional Groups Named as PrefixesStructureNameStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-FFluoro-NH2Amino-HHydro-N=N-Azo-IIodo-BrBromo-NO2Nitro-ClChloro-NONitroso-*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,depending upon the R group In simple compounds,the prefixes di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.are used to indic
13、ate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure:e.g.,dimethylamine for(CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures,the prefixes bis-,tris-,and tetrakis-are used:bis-means two of a kind;tris-,three of a kind;and tetrakis-,four of a kind.(CH3)2N2 is bis(dimethylamino)an
14、d not di(dimethylamino).hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Appendix 2 SI UnitsPhysical QuantityName of UnitsSymbolLengthmetermMasskilogramkgTimesecondsTemperatureKelvinKAmount of substancemolemolElectric currentAmpereALuminous intensitycandelacdSI Fundamental UnitsTraditio
15、nal Metric and SI PrefixesFactorPrefixSymbol FactorPrefixSymbol10 12teraT10-2centic10 9gigaG10-3millim10 6megaM10-6micro10 3kilok10-9nanon10 2hectoh10-12picop10 1dekada10-15femtof10-1decid10-18 attoa Derivated SI UnitsPhysical Quantity Name of UnitSymbol DefinitionAreaSquare meterm2VolumeCubic meterm3Density Kilogram per cubic meterkgm-3ForceNewtonNkgms-2PressurePascalPaNm-2EnergyJouleJkgm2s-2Electric quantityCoulombCAsElectric potential differenceVoltVJ/(As)Homework Prepare an introduction of yourself Fast read practice of the current text Prepare for the next text 1-5 Green Chemistry
