1、自考国际商务英语课后中译英Lesson 1 1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有
2、益于个人的进步。With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away form international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Other forms for participating
3、 in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or
4、resale in another.5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besides trade and investment, licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.Lesson 2 1、国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a
5、countrys total income. The difference between GND and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.2、要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。In assessing the potential of a market, people often lo
6、ok at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3、世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.4、中国现在的年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。China
7、with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5、就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the F
8、our Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India, and a bit farther away Australia.Lesson 3 1. 过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2. 最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The most notable free trade area is the North Ameri
9、can Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it was formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.3. 经济联盟的成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一的货币。The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same cu
10、rrency.4. 欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自已的义务。European Commission is one of the administration institutions of European Union, it hands over the proposes to the council of Ministers for decision and oversees member countries to implement their obligations according to the enacti
11、ng clauses. 5. APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、朝鲜、新西兰和东盟六国。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.Lesso
12、n 4 1. 经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.2. 跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。Multinational enterprise is
13、a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country.3. 许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同进也有强烈的反对声音。While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.4. 跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。Intra-MNE transactions
14、constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade.5. 尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goal, new investments and their lo
15、cation, are made by the parent company.6. 无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.Lesson 5 1. 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.2. 随着制造业和技术的发展
16、，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.3. 按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。According to the theory of comparative advantage, both countries can gain from trade.4. 比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自已的行动发展某种
17、特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.5. 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。The theory of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.Lesson 6 1. 一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而
18、减少。The cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale.2. 在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous.3. 配额或者说数量限制是最常见的非关税壁垒。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tari
19、ff barriers.4. 有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间劳务交换。Visible trade involves import and export of goods while invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries.5. 国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and i
20、nvisible trade.Lesson 7 1. 包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的包装。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation, In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination, 2. 在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前
21、安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment.Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake. 3. 进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖
22、给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable for shipping documents which are very convenient for use.4. 在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。Under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings
23、.5. 2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.Lesson 8 1. 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。 Contract is enforceable by
24、law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2. 口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oral negotiation refers to direct discussions or business discussions through international trunk calls.3. 买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询盘的人无约束力。Enquiries
25、 which made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.4. 有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer. An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it
26、 is accepted or rejected.5. 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.Lesson 9 1. 对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。Counter trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with
27、 foreign exchange shortages and promotion of exports.2. 实质上，反向贸易指的是各种货物和服务的直接交换。Actually, counter trade refers to direct exchange of various goods and services.3. 回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。Another important difference between counter purchase and buyback is that a buyback deal usuall
28、y stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.4. 在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。In normal market transactions Buying and selling of goods are unbundled, Because of the use of money and the market.5. 尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Though there are many advantages, counter trade can
29、 be very risky business.6. 在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.Lesson 10 1. 在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能。In international trade, both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the
30、other party may not fulfill the contract.2为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.3许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。 A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an conditiona
31、l order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone.4即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。 D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.5就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。 So far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favourable than D/P af
32、ter sight, and D/P is more favourable than D/A.Lesson 11 1. 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.2. 信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。Payment by means of letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.3. 现代信用证在
33、19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实质性的发展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.4. 要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit either because the credit mount i
34、s too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank.5. 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations.Lesson 12 * 1. 信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
35、Letters of credit fall under several categories depending on their function, form and mechanism.2. 光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade sentiment,while documentary credits are generally used in Commodity trade.Clean credit is generally used in non-tr
36、ade settlement or in payment in advance by means of the L/C.3. 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made a promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable, shipping documents.Under a sight credit, payment is made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable d
37、ocuments.4. 远期信用证显然要使用远期汇票。付款期限可为30天、60天甚至可长达180天。A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60,to as long as 180 days.A sight credit calls for a sight draft. The usance varies from 30, 60, 90 days to as long as 180 days.5. 如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证
38、。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。A letter of credit,is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficial to one or more parties.The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party the credits is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.If a credit can be tr
39、ansferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.6. 对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况作出最好的选择。The letter of credit may no
40、t be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.Lesson 13 * 1. 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。Its very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer
41、will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.The use of correct documents is very important in international trade, or the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.2 商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes g
42、eneral description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods. The commercial invoice is generally called “the invoice”, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.3 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损失，需要办理货物保险。 It is necessary
43、 to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4 已装船提单表明货明已实际装上开往目的港的承运船只。 An on board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.5 清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有
44、关包装或货物外表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. Lesson 14 1毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。 There is no doubt t
45、hat a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.2这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。 The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipe
