1、第3章 单相电3.1 3.1 复数复数3.2 3.2 正弦量的正弦量的相量表示相量表示3.3 单元件交流电路欧姆定律3.4 正弦稳态分析3.5 3.5 交流电路的频率特性交流电路的频率特性3.6 功率因数的提高 小结5aAAeAAjAAjbaAj极坐标式指数式三角式代数式.4.3)sin(cos.2.13.0.0 复数的表示j1abAAo有向线段表示复数abbaAAbAaarctansincos22”“虚部”“共轭”“模”“辐角”“实部37537)54arccos(37)43(53422AarctgA(取负)或解化为极坐标式34jAj143A5o化为代数式1275B434127sin53127
2、cos5jBba虚部实部解Bj1435o43jA的极坐标式、写出jj 11:。、“旋转因子”。解1:90190118011011jjjja1jjj11)()()()(2121221121bbjaajbajbaAA复数加减运算代数法j11Ao2A21AA j121AA1Ao2A几何法)()()()()()()()(2222221122112121212211212211212121221121jbajbajbajbajbajbaAAAAAAAAjbajbaAAAAAAAA)(指数式、代数式乘除运算4521)43()34()43()34(21jjjjAA解j)求:(已知:21214334AAjAj
3、A259025)37127(251275)37(521jAA极坐标式解j21211275375AAAA求:已知:25)169()1212()43()34(21jjjjAA代数式解j21214334AAjAjA求:已知:)164(1)12737(551275)37(521AA极坐标式解j2121/1275)37(5AAAA求:,已知:16412896.02572425)169()1212()4()3()43)(34(43342221jjjjjjjAA解j2121/4334AAjAjA求:已知:作业21212137543ZZZZZjZ计算:已知:作业练习2590257734433437553543
4、212121jZZjjjZZjZjZ积)()(和:解3.13.1 正弦量a)sin()sin(imumtIitUu正弦电流正弦电压ttii方波三角波ti正弦波一、正弦量三要素一、正弦量三要素)sin(:umtUu如umffTfU、初相圆频率周期、频率、幅值32121二、相位差二、相位差(当频率相同时当频率相同时)iuuiimumtIitUu相位差:设)sin()sin(:正交反相同相电压超前电流9018000180iuiuiuiu3st/x21123反相、同相;、3121uiAtiVtu求相位差,练习)30314sin(20)45314cos(220)(则电流电压电流超前电压151515013
5、5150)18030314sin(20)30314sin(20135)9045314sin(220)45314cos(220uiiuttittu三、正弦量的有效值三、正弦量的有效值TRdtiRTITIti022,)(即内,产生的热量相等。在一个周期分别通过相同电阻、直流电交流电定义:mmUUU707.02正弦量:mUU 矩形波:.)45314cos(2220:值、初相位写出:它的幅值、有效电压例题Vtu135)9045314sin(2220)45314cos(2220452203112220:uumttuvUvvU初相错初相有效值:幅值解四、正弦量的微分四、正弦量的微分)90sin()cos(
6、)sin(imimimtItIdtditIi微分设90*,幅角增加求导结果:模乘以量;正弦量求导后仍为正弦静但复数不是相量。息的复数;“相量”是带有相位信。、“相量”:表示正弦量的复数称为正弦量初相位。复数辐角正弦量幅值,复数的模可用复数表示:交流电中,正弦量IUA3.23.2 正弦量的相量表示a.)120314sin(222079.)314sin(2220 1.2.3量图求:电压的相量;画相例VtupVtuBA1202200220120222002220BAmBmAUUUU有效值相量幅值相量解mAUmBU120AUBU120a)(5030220.正弦函数求:电压表达式。,频率已知:练习ZHf
7、U)30100sin(2220)30100sin(2201002tutuf应错解3.33.3 单元件交流欧姆定律单元件交流欧姆定律aRiRuLiLuiCuCdtduCidtdiLuiRuCLaIRUIRUIRUtRItUiRutUutIimmimumimumRumRim或即相量:代入设)sin()sin()sin()sin(一、电阻伏安关系RiRuti波形、的iuRuiuIRU相位数值LiLuILjUILjUILUtLItUdtdiLutUutIimLmimuLmimumLLumLLim或相量代入设)90()90sin()sin()sin()sin(二、电感伏安关系t波形、的iuLiLu90i
8、uLILU相位数值ICjICjUUCjIUCItCUtIdtduCitIitUuCmCmumCimumCimCimumCC11)90()90sin()sin(),sin(),sin(相量代入设aiCuC三、电容伏安关系波形、的iuCtiu901iuICU相位数值:元件伏安关系(欧姆定律)ICjUCILjULIRUR1伏安关系CLR1阻抗90900iu.21p.8350/2204.0 1.3.3(有效值)、电流;、感抗计算:上,接在市电电感IXHzvHLLH4.0iLuLjILUAvXUILXfLLL75.1126220)(1264.03143141002:电流感抗圆频率解ILXL,直流电思考0
9、0.212200.1IXVFCC、通过的电流;、电容器容抗计算市电上,接到电容器练习VUmAkVXUIkCXfmCC3102220692.32202.31013141131426幅值电流容抗解iv220F0.1a。,通过电流约容抗约限流,电容,在市电上降压或mAkF702.31iV220F0.1LR电容器限流mAI7060静a作业作业 p.118p.118习题习题 3.2(3.2(化为三角函数式化为三角函数式)3.4 正弦交流电路分析a)()欧姆定律:基尔霍夫定律:LXIjXUCXIjXUIRUUILLLCCCR1(003.4.13.4.1、参考相量、参考相量为简化计算,假设某一正弦量初相为零
10、,称为参考相量。串联电路中,常取电流为参考相量;并联电路中,常取电压为参考相量.CRL0I1ICR2Ii3IL0U.5,求:总表读数分表读数均练习AAIjIIIKCLIIUU07.75555905050222121读数则设解1I2II相量图法2121IIIIII注A551ICR2II0U,求:总表读数。、分表读数练习AA 85AIjjjIIIIjIjIUU338589085)90(502121读数则设解A58 1IC2IIL230:,543IIAAA、读数求、分表读数AIAI16.3101314522023读数读数解?341ICR2II53IL?I23I.86;求:总表读数、分表读数课堂练习v
11、v8610862122UUUvU注解aI?RCUvv86.4.30读数求图中习题AAIbAIa6410)(2.9410)(0220解10C)(bL0ARL0A)(a104?410四、串联电路欧姆定律LjRRUILUULLLRjXRZIZIjXRILjIRUUU)(RL串联电路0arccos22ZRXRZZL阻抗,电压超前,感性。串联,900ZRLLXZRZ阻抗图ZRUU相量图LULRUUIR、C串联电路RRUICUCCCRjXRZIZIjXRICjRUUU)()1(0arccos22ZRXRZZC阻抗RRUICUCUZRUU相量图CXZRZ阻抗图,电压滞后,容性。串联,090ZRC)1()()
12、1(CLjRjXRZIZIjXRIXXjRICLjRUUUUCLCLR串联电路RLCLUCXCURULXURIRLC串联电路)1(CLjRZ串联阻抗:阻性电路同相、,则若容性电路落后,则若感性电路超前,则若iuCLiuCLiuCLiuiuiuZ00)1()3(;00)1()2(00)1()1(LjCjRZYSjBGYZY111)(1右图并联导纳西门子单位导纳YZ与导纳阻抗2I1IIG3ILBCB并联电路RLCYCBLBBGYCXLXXRZCLCL容纳感纳电纳电导导纳容抗感抗电抗电阻阻抗11jBGYjXRZ导纳阻抗五、五、阻抗的串联与并联阻抗的串联与并联21ZZZ串21/111ZZZ阻抗串联21
13、ZZI21UUU阻抗并联1Z2I2Z1IIU阻抗的串联阻抗的串联221221212121)()()()(XXjRRZXXjRRZZZ串串阻抗串联21ZZI2211jXRjXR串Z)()(2121XXjRR等效阻抗212221ZZZZZZ串串阻抗的阻抗的并并联联)()()()(1221122121212121RXRXjXXRRXXjRRZZZZZ并阻抗:并Z阻抗并联1Z2I2Z1I等效阻抗U。、求:为纯电容,例332122.1043850343IUjZZjZAIVUv5010j3IA8CU1I3U 43j2Z1Z3Z2I2U1U94.pAjjjjjjIjjZUIAjIU8625)43(50)43
14、)(43()43(504350865355043508908050112122或则解:设R05010jA8U1I 43j2132Ic2U3I3UVjUUUjjIZUAjjIII)2.50(785060606)10(688623333213续R2U3U2I1I3IU05010jA8U1I 43j2132Ic2U3I3U课后作业 p.118习题3.4、3.8TRIUdttpTPwtitutp0)(1)()()()(平均功率瞬时功率:RiRu电阻功率RURIIUPRR223.5.交流电路的功率)(02sin)(varQPtIUtpLLL最大瞬时功率无功功率平均功率:瞬时功率:LLLLLXUXIIUQ
15、22LILU电感功率)(0)(2sin)(varQwPtIUtpCCC无功功率:平均功率:瞬时功率:CCCCCXUXIIUQ22电容功率ICUC电路功率222sinvar)/(cos)/()/(QPSUIQUIPWUISVAzz关系乏无功功率瓦平均功率伏安视在功率aZIUQX.ZPR.SZ.功率图阻抗/ZRUU相量图UXUa日光灯接线原理图灯管镇流器)(氖泡启动器i电源v220e丝灯丝灯HgLR.300341QPSUIZR、;功率;灯管、电流计算:阻抗,电阻日光灯等效电路,灯管例AZUIjZLXfHzfVUHLRL37.060022060600518300)(51865.13143142502
16、2065.1300电流:阻抗解,已知aLjRLURUQXUL.ZPRUR.SZU.(var)704181(var)70866.08160sin4137.01104150.08160cos)(8137.022011060cos22011030037.02222PSQUIQWIUPWUIPVAUISVUVIRURRR或或功率:或灯管:解aQXUL.ZPRUR.SZU.?;求:电容电源上,测得:、与电容串联在电阻例题CmAIHzvkR30050/22051.0FXCRZXXRZAvIUZCCC1.65203141152051073073030.02203142222222又模解RICjXULjRIL
17、U61kRU?求,电源接交流接触器线圈LmA,IHvkRTZ:3050/3806.18.3,HkXLkkRZLXkmIUZkRLL4131413.136.11313303806.13142222解aFCmHLRtuRLCp4012730314sin2220,91.2.4.3;串联电路,RLUF8.39CURUmH12730IU。、)电路功率(;、瞬时值)各元件电压有效值(;、瞬时表达式)电流有效值(;复阻抗计算QPSuUiIZ432)1(:53504030)8040(3080403141140127.0314容性)(阻抗jjZCXLXXXjRZCLcLR阻抗图LXRCXCLXX ZZ复阻抗)1
18、(LUF8.39CURUmH12730IiI、)电流(2RAtiZUIAZUIZU)53314sin(24.4)(534.453500220)(4.45022053500220电流容性又有效电压LUF8.39CURUmH12730ICLRuuu、)求电压(3R)()()(时域相量37314sin2352143314sin217653314sin2132)37(352)90(80534.4)(1431769040534.45313230534.4tututujXIUjXIURIUCLRCCLLRP)求功率(4wPSQwSQwSPVAUISUIZZZ7765809707768.0970sin580
19、60.0970cos)(9704.422060.053coscos0220534.42222或则已知LUF8.39CURUmH12730Iend3I求:电流GIVSS)45(41.1113753453543321jZjZjZ解:节点法1I1L42I1SU1232SU2L 1 j313j4j3Ia 012451.1496.4.4.3pT)5.9(9.35.356.5)75.15(81.013751535117.195.43754514535123332211ZUIGIUZZZUZUIaSSaSS则1I1L42I1SU1232SU2L 1 j313j4j3Ia 012451.1496.4.4.3p
20、T end课后作业 p.118习题-3.113.5 电路的频率特性RULjRLUCURUIUCj1)1()(CLjRZ阻抗交流电路的阻抗交流电路的阻抗Z Z是频率的函数是频率的函数的关系串联阻抗与频率RZ0LX00X0XCXLUCCURULRI)1(CLjRZ固有频率谐振频率令零一、谐振条件:电抗为LCfLCLCCL212:1:1010003.5.1 RLC串联谐振)1(CLjRZRLUCCURULRIRZf0fI00X0X RUmIfIfZRLC电流阻抗串联电路频率特性二、串联谐振的特点CLRRLUUQQUUUUUIURUIRZLCLRiu1:4:3:2:1maxmin品质因数)“电压谐振”
21、(同相、)()电流最大()阻抗最小()1(CLjRZRZf0fI00X0X RUmI串联谐振I0大Q小Q串联谐振曲线Q值的关系与三、通频带宽Qf.02112窄,选择性好大,通带三者关系;、半功率点频率:通频带宽:fQQfffffffIfmImI707.0201fff值通频带与QIfmImI707.0201fff值小Q值大Q3.5.2 并联谐振(电流谐振)1(1LCjRY并联导纳:RUU并联电路RLCIRICILILCfLCLC21:10100谐振频率零一、谐振条件:电纳为二、并联谐振特点LCRLRIIQQIIIIURUIRYLCLiu品质因数:)“电流谐振”:(同相:、)()电流最小:()导纳
22、最小:(43211minU并联电路RLCIRICILI一种常见并联谐振电路LCQLCLRLCjLRRZZY1111)(112022222221谐振时,导纳RULUR并联电路RLCC1II2I LURQ2等效并联电路C1I2I接收频率范围调谐回路等效图,求:收音机中波段例)1605535(1.5.3104.kHzP?串联谐振还是并联谐振思考CCL调谐电路20等效电路ppC28525:mH33.020等效电路ppC28525:mH33.0MHzkfCCffkHzMpmfLCf76.138.352038.325285:52085.23.328.61028533.028.61:12)1(221121高
23、端低端由解各支路电流。,频率求:。谐振时,例)2()1(10107.2.5.30fmVUPLIU并联电路RLCIRICIk10mH40F1ACjUIALjUIAkmVRUIIHfkLCCLRZ9050)90(5000.110102796511:00)()(解1608.0200sin1206.0200cos2002502535040304080301:22SQSPIZUISjjjZ)功率()(解.)3()2()1(CLRCLUUUSQPZIXXR、;、;求:;、已知80j30LUCURUAI240j如图163TVIZUVIXUVIXUVRIUZAICCLLR1002508024016028060
24、23031.53502)电压(解.)3(CLRUUU、求:IURCULUCUCLUUU相量图3.5.3 滤波电路的频率特性 低通滤波器一、RCRiU低通滤波器RCIoUICjRUCjIUi)1(0输入输出CRjUUTi11)(:0传递函数RiU低通滤波器RCIoU)(T707.0幅频特性0)(90450.0相频特性0低通滤波特性RCRC1:*0截止频率滞后移相电路R高通滤波器RCCRiUIoURC19000截止频率:超前移相:高通滤波器二、RC)(T707.0幅频特性0.10)(004590相频特性0高通滤波器RC带通滤波器三、RCCRiU器选频带通)(RCIoUCiUURC311:00增益振
25、荡频率)(T62幅频特性3/1Z450.045相频特性0带通滤波器RC通频带幅频特性)(T221201.%)50(707.01212”又称半功率点频率”、“差时对应的上下限频率之功率降,等于输出降为最大值通频带宽值的关系与带宽Qf.02112窄,选择性好大,通带三者关系;、半功率点频率:通频带宽:fQQfffffffIfmImI707.0201fff值通频带与QIfmImI707.0201fff值小Q值大QiU低通滤波电路RCIoULRiU低通滤波电路RLIoU几种常见滤波电路LRiU高通滤波电路RLIoUCRiUIoU高通滤波电路RCLRiU带通滤波器IoUCLRiU带通滤波器IoU)(T带通特性707.0ZkHfLC82.221077.1103.506.011.)1(00480谐振频率解CiUZffmvUCLR电容电压;谐振阻抗;、通频带宽谐振频率求:;、输入电压、已知)3()2()1(30如图19.3TmH60500LUCURUIF053.0iUmVmvQUUURZkHkHQffCLRRLQQkHfiCCZZZ36.6312.2)3(500)2(33.112.282.212.2182.200电容电压谐振阻抗带宽值解课后作业 p.120习题3.16、3.19