1、时态时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 1. 一般现在时 用法： A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。 例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。） D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船
2、、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon. （下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。） How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？） F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。 例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。） 2. 现在进行时(be doing) 用法：
3、现在正在进行的动作。 3. 现在完成时(have done) 用法： A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例：I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sell 答案是C) havent sold。 B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现
4、在时间。 例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 例：John has broken his left leg.
5、（约翰摔断了左腿。） 注意事项 A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。 例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。） He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。） B) 因为含有f
6、or加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续） My sister has married. Dont disturb her.（终端动词） C) 在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成时。 例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in
7、 the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。） D) 句型It is/ has beensince所使用的两种时态都正确。 例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。） E) 在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中，主句要求完成时。 例：I havent met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。） 4. 现在完成进行时(hav
8、e been doing) 用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。 例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。） 注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例： It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it rig
9、ht. A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking 5. 一般过去时 用法： A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着
10、其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。） He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。） C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？） Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？） 注意事项： A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last mo
11、nth, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经，要求加动词原形；后者表示习惯于，要求加名词或动名词。 6. 过去
12、完成时(had done) 用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示过去的过去的动作或状态。 Until then, his family _ from him for six months. A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard 全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didnt hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生
13、的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasnt been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasnt heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。 注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。 例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on
14、 the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。） 分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。 7. 过去将来时(would/ should do) 用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。） 注意事项：由于过去将
15、来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。 8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing) 用法： A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。 例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。） B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。 例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）
16、9. 一般将来时 用法： A) 基本结构是will / shall do。 例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。） B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。 例：My mother is coming to visi
17、t me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。） C) 表示“打算去，要”时，可用be going to do。 例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。） D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例：Dont worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。） E) be to do的5种用法： a) 表示“按计划
18、、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。 例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。） b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。 例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。） c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may） 例：Ho
19、w am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？） d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。 例：I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚
20、未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。 e) 用于条件从句“如果想，设想”（接近if want to,或if should） 例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been 答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。” F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of
21、 doing。 例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。） 例： I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on 答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 注意事项： 在以if,
22、 when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。 例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。） 10. 将来进行时(will be doing) 用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生
23、的动作或事情。 例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。） 11. 将来完成时(will have done) 用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例：1997年1月四
24、级第22题 The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted 12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing 例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态） 13)过去完
25、成进行时：had been doing 例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态） 14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing 例：The government promised t
26、hat a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态） 15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done 例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将
27、被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态） 16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing 例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）时态总结(以do为例)： 一 般完 成进 行完 成 进 行现 在现在一般时do现在完成时have done现在进行时is doing现在完成进行时have b
28、een doing过 去过去一般时did过去完成时had done过去进行时was doing过去完成进行时had been doing将 来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing 注：构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has, have), shall, will 等需
29、根据主语的变化来选择。 在这16种时态中，其中有8种时态是最重要的，也是用得最多的，它们是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来一般时(也称过去将来时)，其余的时态相对用得较少。练习题而语境中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键。做动词时态和语态填空题时，常常按以下几个步骤：(1)注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景以及说话人的情感;(2)根据句中的时间状语以及一些副词判断时态;(3)考虑语态;(4)考虑时态的一致性。另外，复习时，还要涉及到短暂性动词与延续性动词，这两个概
30、念一定要搞清。短暂性动词用于进行时态和完成时态都要受到限制。1.(2002全国高考题)You havent said a word about my new coat，Brenda.Do you like it? Im sorry I _ anything about it sooner.I certainly think its pretty on you.A.wasnt sayingB.dont sayC.wont sayD.didnt say2.(2002全国高考题)I wonder why Jenny _us recently.We should have heard from her
31、 by now.A.hasnt writtenB.doesnt writeC.wont writeD.hadnt written3.(2003北京春季高考题)When will you come to see me，Dad?I will go to see you when you _ the training course.A.will have finishedB.will finishC.are finishingD.finish4.(2003北京春季高考题)How long _ at this job?Since 1990.A.were you employedB.have you b
32、een employedC.had you been employedD.will you be employed5.(2003上海春季高考题)By the end of last year，another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.A.would be completedB.was being completedC.has been completedD.had been completed6.(2002北京高考题)The little girl _her heart out because she _ her toy bear and believed she
33、wasnt ever going to find it.A.had cried; lostB.cried; had lostC.has cried; has lostD.cries; has lost7.(2002北京高考题)Excuse me，sir.Would you do me a favor?Of course.What is it?I _ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.A.had wonderedB.was wonderingC.would wonderD.did wonder8.(2002上海高考题)He will h
34、ave learned English for eight years by the time he _ from the university next year.A.will graduateB.will have graduatedC.graduatesD.is to graduate9.(2002上海高考题)I feel it is your husband who _for the spoiled child.A.is to blameB.is going to blameC.is to be blameD.should blame10.He has been writing the
35、 composition the whole morning and he still _.A.has beenB.doesC.hasD.is11.If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept; will have toB.are not kept; have toC.do not keep; will have toD.do not keep; have to12.The price _，but I do
36、ubt whether it will remain so.A.went downB.will go downC.has gone downD.was going down13.How long _ each other before they _ married?For about a year.A.have they known; getB.did they know; getC.do they know; are going to getD.had they known; got14.You cant move in right now.The house _.A.has painted
37、B.is paintedC.is being paintedD.is painting15.Hey，look where you are going!Oh，Im terribly sorry._.A.Im not noticingB.I wasnt noticingC.I havent noticedD.I dont notice16.The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it.A.was travelingB.traveledC.had been travelingD.was to travel17.Is this
38、 raincoat yours?No，mine _ there behind the door.A.is hangingB.has hangC.hangsD.hang18.I turned around and saw everybody _ at a man who _ loudly in a foreign language.A.was staring; was shoutingB.was staring; shoutingC.staring; shoutingD.stared; shouted19.Henry remained silent for a moment.He _.A.tho
39、ughtB.had thoughtC.was thinkingD.was thought20.We would like to go and thank him ourselves，but we _ out his address yet,A.havent foundB.hadnt foundC.didnt findD.dont find21.Shirley _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished.A.has writtenB.wroteC.had writtenD.was writing2
40、2.Have you got your test result?Not yet.The papers _.A.are not correctingB.have not correctedC.are still being correctedD.have already been corrected23.See the clouds! It _ rain!A.willB.is going toC.mustD.certainly24.Do I have to take this medicine? It _ so terrible.A.tastesB.is tastingC.is tastedD.
41、has tasted25.Dont take the magazine away.It _ me.A.is belonged toB.belongs toC.was belonged toD.is belonging to26.Is this the third time that you _ late?A.have beenB.amC.wasD.had been27.Do you know when Tom _ from abroad?Perhaps it will be a long time before he _.A.will come; will comeB.comes; will
42、comeC.will come; comesD.comes; comes28.My uncle said that he would telephone but I _ from him so far.A.didnt hearB.hadnt heardC.havent heardD.wont hear29.The telephone _ four times in the last hour，and each time it _ for my roommate.A.has rung; wasB.has been ringing; isC.had rung; wasD.rang; has bee
43、n30.A storm _ by a calm.A.is often being followedB.was often followedC.is often followedD.has often been followed31.The pen I _ I _ is on my desk，right under my nose.A.think; lostB.thought; had lostC.think; had lostD.thought; lost32.We could have walked to the station.It was so near.Yes，a taxi _ at
44、all necessary.A.wasntB.hadnt beenC.couldnt beD.wont be33.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday only to find it _.A.to be brokenB.had broken intoC.was brokenD.had been broken into34.They believed that by using computers the production of their factory _.A.will greatly increaseB.would greatly increaseC.would be increased greatlyD.will have been greatly increased35.His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazines he
