1、短 文 改 错 技 巧 “短文改错”题是各类考试中的一个重要题型。尽管该题难度不大，但仍有一些同学在做此类题目时不得要领，因而得分甚少。本文结合高考试题，对“短文改错”题中的常见错误加以分析，从中找出命题者设置错误的规律并介绍一些解题技巧。 一、“短文改错”题中的常见错误类型 (一) 名词方面的错误 名词方面的错误多指名词单复数形式的误用，可数名词与不可数名词的错误，名词所有格中“s”的误置等。例如: 1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests. 2. In summer, the sea under the blue skie
2、s is even more beautiful. 3. . youve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life. 4. . but she marked strictly on students actual performance . (二) 动词方面的错误 动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大，它所涉及的错误包括动词的时态、语态错误；易混动词的用法错误；动词的第三人称单数错误；动词的非谓语形式，以及动词的句型搭配错误等。在改错题中，动词方面的考查比例较大。例如: 1. The air
3、 keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon . 2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person. 3. How about join us? The camp is at the foot of a small hill. 4. Ill send my friend Charlie meet you at the airport. (三) 形容词、副词方面的错误 这类错误多指误用形容词修饰形容词，误用副词修饰名词，误用形容词修饰
4、动词，误用形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级以及误用带-ly的副词与不带-ly的副词等，特别注意根据上下文该用比较级而未用的“暗中比较”。例如: 1. They came back lately and had some tea. 2. you always gave me specially attention . 3. . they fly down immediate and catch them without delay. 4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from . 5.
5、I know you are particular interested in Human Rights. 6. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the more popular in our school. (四) 连词方面的错误 短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，是否符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题平行结构常借助与并列连词and, or, but, not onlybut also, notbut, eitheror, neither nor, as w
6、ell as等，though不与but连用，because不与so连用等。 1. It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. 2. I became very active but made new friends. 3. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite. 4. While they find fish come to the surface, they fly down immediately
7、. 5. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again. (五) 代词方面的错误 这类错误主要包括形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的误用，关系代词、连接代词的误用，代词主格与代词宾格的误用，代词单数与代词复数的误用，各个不定代词之间的误用，反身代词与代词宾格之间的误用，代词的指代错误，定语从句中多用代词等。 1. . the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves. 2. a lot of white birds come to my city for food. I
8、 can wait patiently above the sea for quite a long . 3. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，they will go hungry. 4. That night, we sat down to what they thought would be a pleasant, uninterrupted . 5. I just smiled to me and thought . 6. your life in you
9、r country is quite different from me. 7. Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting. (六) 介词方面的错误 这类错误多指漏掉介词、多用介词或介词与其他词语搭配的错误等。例如: 1. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised . 2. He was looking for a glass the cupboard. 3. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an old
10、 man with leaves . 4. . he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes . 5. On the front door stood a five-year-old boy from across the street. 6. Could you share your experience for us? 7. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care. (七) 冠词方面的错误 这类错误多指a(n)与the的误用
11、，a与an的误用。有时也表现为:单数可数名词前面该用冠词的地方缺少冠词，不该用冠词的地方多了冠词。例如: 1. An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784. 2. the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with . 3. And if he breaks the law of society ., he may go to the prison
12、. 4. so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun. (八) 时态、语态方面的错误 这类错误主要为现在时态与过去时态、主动语态与被动语态的误用。做题时，应注意把握文中动词时态的呼应规律，注意把握诸个并列动词时态、语态的呼应规律。例如: 1. We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel before. 2. Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a co
13、llege. 3. We hung a sign on the front door that was read: “Were having dinner .” 4. sometimes all that is need is someone to rely on. 5. Ill send my friend Charlie to meet you at the airport when you arrived. (九) 主谓一致方面的错误 这类错误主要指主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词形式的错误。因此做题时，要注意谓语动词的形式要和句子主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如: 1. “I just w
14、ant to know what the sign say.” 2. Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish. 3. Here are the information about Manchester University. 4. What may surprise you are that Im going to . (十) 短语、句型固定搭配错误 主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词，英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。 1. My teacher advised me to
15、 keep my diary. keep a diary是固定搭配，意思是“写日记”. 2. In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To ones surprise 是固定搭配 3. I thought that was dull to watch a game 此题考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do为固定结构。 二、解题技巧 想做好“短文改错”题，不妨试试分成“四步走”，遵循“四原则”，实施“四查法”具体做法如下: (一) 分成“四步走” 1. 通读全文，了解大意。注意语篇结构和行文逻辑。不能在不
16、了解文章大意的情况下，逐字逐行地进行修改。 2. 先易后难，缩小范围。在通读全文的过程中，可以先把文中明显的错误找出来改正，然后再根据具体语境，仔细分析判断，将注意力集中在较难的句子上。 3. 把握句意，逐行判断。可依据“动词形，名词数，注意形和副；非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子结构多分析，逻辑错误须关注”的口诀行事。 4. 再次通读，复查验证。把大部分错误改正之后，如果还有拿不准的地方，就应再次通读全文，并利用语感来做最后的判断。 纵观近几年的“短文改错”题，正确的地方只有一处；多词和缺词的地方约有3处；用错词的地方一般有6个，且多为动词。这种比例或许也能帮助你做出最后判断。 (二)
17、遵循“四原则” 1. 改动处以最少为原则。“短文改错”题要求每行只能改动一处，改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词，但无论作何种改动，只能是增加一词、减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。当然，没有错误的行无需改动。也就是说，每行改动之处不能超过一个。 2. 实词以改变词形为原则。在“短文改错”题中，一般只是改变实词的形式，而不能改变实词的词义，也不能将其改换成另一个实词，更不能随便增删。例如: The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon . (把keeps改为keeping) Yes, it is clearly
18、that your life in your country is quite different from . (把clearly改为clear) 3. 虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的“短文改错”题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有3至4处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等)，不是实词(如动词、名词等)，否则会改变句子的原意。例如: They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early . (删去that) He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加
19、in) 4. 以保持句子原意不变为原则。做“短文改错”题时，一般不应改变句子原意。改错时，应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正，不应更改作者的原意。做到换词不改意，加词不增意，去词不减意。如有多种改法，应以保持原意为条件，择其佳者而从之。例如： But I have spent most my money, so I cannot 改正：在my前加of。也有同学去掉most，这种改法虽改正了语法错误，但改变了原意。作者想说的是“花掉了大部分的钱，而不是全部”。 (三) 实施“四查法” 1. 左顾右盼查名词。考生应注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误，还要看该名词前面是否缺限定词、
20、该用何种限定词，尤其要查名词前冠词的使用情况。当名词前面有形容词修饰时更要加倍注意。例如: Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. (把knowledges改为knowledge) 2. “语(态)”、“时(态)”俱进查动词。考生应认真分析动词时态、语态的使用是否正确，尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息，仔细推敲，从而选用正确的动词时态形式。例如: (2006天津) I gained so much confidence that I go back to school . (把go改为went) 3. 启承转合查连词。若要使文章结
21、构严谨，应在文中使用各种启承转合的连词。这些连词能使文章在结构上和意义上通顺流畅。例如: It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (把So改为But) 4. 文通理顺查逻辑。“文通”指行文合乎英文词法、句法；“理顺”指行文逻辑符合人们普遍认可的道理。例如: (NMET 2006) The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. (把第二个up改为down) 总之，要想做好“
22、短文改错”题，除了掌握上面讲的原则、做法、步骤之外，平时还要加强语言基础知识的学习，多做有针对性的训练。I. 重点词汇1. prefer v. (preferred/preferring)更喜欢，选择某事物(而不选择其他事物)经典例句1). I prefer dogs to cats. 猫狗之中我更喜欢狗。2). I prefer speaking the truth to lying. 我宁愿讲实话而不愿说谎。3). Would you prefer that we put off our wedding till next mouth? 你是否更愿意把我们的婚礼推迟到下个月?重点用法 pr
23、efer sth./doing prefer A to B prefer doing A to doing B prefer (sb.) to do (rather than do) prefer that-clause练习 中译英1). 比起乘坐拥挤的公共汽车，他宁愿骑自行车。_ _ 2). 玛丽更愿意我在外面等她。_Keys: 1). Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 2). Mary prefers me to wait for her outside.2. persuade v
24、. 说服;劝说经典例句1). We persuaded him to take the job / into taking the job. 我们说服他接受这份工作。2). My mother finally persuaded me not to go to the party / out of going to the party. 妈妈最终说服我不参加这次聚会。3). How can I persuade you of my sincerity?我如何能让你相信我是真诚的?4). I am almost persuaded that he is honest. 我几乎相信了他是诚实的。重
25、点用法 persuade sb. to do sth.= persuade sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事persuade sb. not to do sth. = persuade sb. out of sth./doing sth. 劝阻某人做某事persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事persuade that-clause 使某人相信.练习 中译英1)他正试图说服他的朋友放弃抽烟。2) 我们使亨利相信是他错了。3) 我几乎相信他是诚实的。Key：1) He is trying to persuade his friends to give up
26、smoking. 2) We persuaded Harry that he was wrong. 3)I am almost persuaded of his honesty.3. insist v. 坚持经典例句 You can come back later, if you insist. 如果你一定要坚持，你就稍后再来吧。重点用法insist on/upon sth./( sbs) doing 坚持某事/要求(某人)做某事I still insist on my viewpoint. 我仍然坚持我的观点。He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付
27、饭钱。Mother insisted on our washing the clothes by ourselves. 妈妈坚决要求我们自己洗衣服。练习 选择填空1). The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding2). I insist that a doctor _ immediately. A. has been sent for B. sends for C. will be sent for D
28、. be sent for3). Some people insisted that the person _ a thief and insisted that he _ to the police station. A. was; be taken B. was, would be taken C. should be; should be taken D. be; be takenKeys: 1). C 2). D 3). A4. determinev. 决定;确定;下定决心经典例句 1). Attitude determines everything. 态度决定一切。2). We de
29、termined to go to the railway station at once. 我们决定立刻去火车站。3). I wonder what determined her to marry him in the end. 我想知道是什么使她最终下决心嫁给他的。4). The court determined that the man was guilty of robbery. 法庭裁定那个人犯了抢劫罪。重点用法determine on/upon (doing) sth. determine + n. determine to do sth. determine sb. to do
30、sth. 使某人下定决心做某事determine + that-clause adj. be determined to do sth.练习 中译英1). 你决定好暑假做什么了吗?_2). 她决心要上哈佛大学。_Keys: 1). Have you determined what to do in the summer holidays? 2).She was determined to go to Harvard University.II. 重点词组1. care about 关心，在乎经典例句1). The only thing he cares about is money. 他唯一在
31、乎的东西就是金钱。2). Family members should always care about each other. 一家人应该互相关心。短语归纳 care for 喜欢(多用于否定、疑问句);照顾I dont care for coffee. 我不喜欢喝咖啡。Could you help care for my child when I am out?我外出时能帮忙照顾下我的孩子吗?练习 中译英1). 她关心的只是她的社交活动。_2). 他深深地爱着她。_Keys: 1). All she cares about is her social life. 2). He cares
32、for her deeply.2. give in 屈服，让步，投降;上交经典例句1). Seeing that he could not persuade me, he had to give in (to my view). 由于无法说服我，他不得不认输。2). Its time to give in your examination papers. 到了交试卷的时间了。短语归纳give in (to sb./sth.) 向让步give up sth./doing 放弃(做)某事give away 赠送;泄露give back 归还;恢复give off 放出，散发(光、热、烟、气味等)g
33、ive out vt. 分配;分发;发布vi.(食物，燃料，电力等)用光;筋疲力尽练习用give 构成的短语的适当形式填空。1). When will the food supplied of our enemy_.2). He intended to_ a large amount of money to the Project Hope.3). Because of his low salary, he had to _ his dream trip to Europe.Keys: 1). give out 2). give away 3). give up 3. change ones
34、mind 改变主意make up ones mind (to do) 下定决心(做某事)经典例句1). Maybe youll change your mind after thinking it over. 也许你仔细考虑之后会改变主意。2). I have made up my mind to leave, and nothing you say will change it. 我已经下定决心，不管你说什么我都不会改主意了。短语归纳与mind 有关的常用短语read ones mind 看出某人的心思keep ones mind on 专心于bear/keep sth. in mind 记
35、住某事bring/call sth. to mind 回忆某事练习 中译英1). 我决心当医生。_2). 任何事情都不能使我改变主意。_Keys: 1). Ive made up my mind to be a doctor. 2). Nothing will make me change my mind.III. 重点句子1. It was my sister who/that first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River. 首先想到沿湄公河骑车旅游的是我姐姐。解释 强调句型It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/
36、who + 其余部分。被强调部分可以是原句的主语、宾语、状语、从句。强调主语：It is the ability to do the job that matters, not where you come from or what you are. 关键是你的工作能力而不是你从哪来或你是谁。强调宾语：It was Michael that/who I gave this ticket to. 我把这张票给了麦克。强调时间状语：It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was mad
37、e. 大约600年前，第一个有钟面和时针的钟诞生了。强调地点状语：It was in Brooklyn that Beckham first met Victoria, so they named their first son Brooklyn. 布鲁克林是贝克汉姆和维多利亚第一次相遇的地方，所以他们给第一个儿子取名布鲁克林。强调从句：It was because he is in critical condition that the doctor decided to operate on him. 医生之所以决定为他动手术，是因为他病情危险。练习 中译英1). 我把这张票给了麦克。_2
38、). 医生之所以决定为他动手术，是因为他病情危险。_Keys: 1). It was Michael that/who I gave this ticket to. 2). It was because he is in critical condition that the doctor decided to operate on him. 2. She insisted that she (should) organize the trip properly.解释insist + that-clause insist 意为“坚持要求(做某事)”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语用should d
39、o的形式, should可省略;而insist 意为“坚持认为，坚持某种观点”时，宾语从句的动词时态根据具体的语境变化，不用虚拟语气。He insisted that he hadnt made a mistake. 他坚持认为自己没有犯错。The bodyguards insisted that the president (should) keep away from the crowd for the sake of safety. 出于安全考虑，护卫人员坚决要求总统远离人群。suggest (建议)，demand (要求)，require (要求)，request (请求)，order
40、 (命令)等动词的宾语从句也常用“(should) do”表示虚拟语气。练习 中译英1). 我坚决要求你立刻采取行动把事情处理好。_2). 他反应冷淡表明他并不喜欢这个主意。_Keys: 1). I insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action to put this right. 2). His cool response suggested that he didnt like the idea. 单词荟萃1_ vi. (使)爆裂；爆发 n突然破裂；爆发_ (过去式)_ (过去分词)2_ n污垢；泥土_ adj.脏的
41、；污秽的3_ n休克；打击；震惊 vt.&vi.(使)震惊；震动 _ adj.震惊的_ adj.令人震惊的4_ n电；电流；电学_ adj.电的；用电的_ adj.发电的_ n祝贺；(复数)贺词_ _ vt.祝贺6_ n骑自行车的人_ vt.骑自行车7_ vt.(使)惊吓，吓唬_ adj.受惊的；受恐吓的_ adj.令人恐惧的8_ vt.表示；表达n.快车；速递_ n表示，表达；脸色. 短语检测1立刻；马上2结束；终结3掘出；发现4考虑得少，满不在乎5仿佛；好像6严重受损；破败不堪7许多的，大量的8以而自豪. 佳句再现1It seemed _ (仿佛到了世界末日)(as if)2_ (不是所有
42、的希望) was lost. 3_ (你认为将会发生什么) before an earthquake？(happen)4_ (他们无论朝哪里看) nearly everything was destroyed. (Everywhere)5But the one million people of the city, _(不重视这些事件的), were asleep as usual that night. (who)单词点睛1burstvt.&vi.(to explode；to come open or fly apart suddenly or violently)(使)破裂，爆发；突然发作
43、【情景记忆】1)burst _ 闯入burst into tears/laughterburst _ crying/laughing 突然大哭/大笑起来(2)burst _ anger/joy 勃然大怒/乐不可支【温馨提示】burst into与burst out都有“突然进入某种状态或发生某种情况”的意思，但burst into后面接名词，burst out后面接动名词。(1)The river _ (冲破河岸) and flooded the village.(2)He blew the balloon _ (爆了为止)(3)He _ (闯进了我的房间) without knocking at the door.(4)They _ (都突然大笑起来) at the e
