1、非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词） 不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作 之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have bee n done动作发生在谓语动作 之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式Doi ngBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doingHaving bee n done动作发生在谓语动作 之
2、前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式Doi ngBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doneHaving bee n done动作发生在谓语动作 之前不定式一、不定式的作用1、 作主语不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look,即pear等也可用于此句型。（2 ）
3、当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It isto的句型。试比较：It is to n egate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对）（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of,否则用for.2、作宾语1） 动词+不定式。如：He man aged to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him
4、. （it 作形式宾语）注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide,begi n, start, lear n, agree, choose, get 等（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I don know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can decide whe n to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后
5、，用it作形式宾语。如：I find it n ecessary to lear n a foreig n Ian guage.3、作宾语补足语（1）动词+宾语+不定式（to do）o女口：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you th ink so?（不带 to 的不定式）注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,wa nt ,get, would like, like, advise, i nvite, allow, help,wish,war n, expect,
6、 prefer, en courage（2）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be的不定式结构。如：We con sider Tom to be one of the best stude nts in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）（3）There +不定式。如：We didn expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 注意：（1）有些动词需用as短语作补语，像 regard, think, believe, take, consider。
7、如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词 feel （一感）,hear, listen to （二听）,have, let, make （三让）,notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：吾看三室两厅一感觉）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was see n to fall o
8、ff the tree.（3）help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his thin gs.4、作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系 或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is look ing for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to thi
9、nk of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chanee to go abroad.（同位关系）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如：Do you have anything else to say?2. 如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（我需要一直钢笔写字 ）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look after the little
10、baby ）（ 我有一个婴儿要照看 ）作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, soas to, suchasto,.enough to, too to 等。（1）做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so（such）.as to（如此 以便）如:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到
11、的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3）做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the n ews.Im glad to see you.（4）做条件状语。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5、作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：The questi on is how to put it in
12、to practice.My questi on is whe n to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。2. 当助于是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。女口： To see is to believe.（眼见为实）6、独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I don agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、不定式的时态和语态
13、1、不定式的时态（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you aga in.（2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have give n you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eat ing someth ing.（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并
14、有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was see n to en ter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、省to的动词不定式1、 情态动词（除 ought夕卜，ought to）2、Would rather, had better.3、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, liste
15、n to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance.He was see n to dance. The boss made them work the whole ni ght.They were made to work the whole ni ght.4、使役动词 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式， 第二个 to 可以省去。女口： He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、Help 可带 to，也可
16、不带 to, help sb. （to） do sth.7、Why /Why not & But和 except前是动词 do时，后面出现的动词用不带 to的动词不定式。试比较：He wants to do no thi ng but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去to be .如：He is supposed (to be) ni ce. 他应该是个好人。I usually go t
17、here by train.Why notby boat for a cha nge?A to try goingB tryi ng to goC to try and goD try goingPaul does nthave to be made. He always works hard.A lear nB to lear nC lear nedD lear ning四、动词不定式的否定式。 女口： Tell him not to shut the window.She pretended not to see me when I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned
18、her daughterafter drinking.A n ever to driveB to n ever driveC n ever driv ingD n ever driveThe boy wan ted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him.A not toB not to doC not do itD do not doThe patie nt was warned food before the operati on.A to eat noB eati ng notC not to eatD not
19、 eat ing动名词 (动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语)一、 动名词的作用1、作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：It no good/use doing 如:Seeing is believ ing.Play ing with fire is dan gerous.It no good wait ing here.2、作宾语I enjoy liste ning to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of play ing basketba
20、ll.He has give n up smoki ng.Would you mind turning dow n your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit, advise 建议，risk, appreciate , envy 嫉妒，avoid 避免，consider 考虑，delay 延迟，deny 否认，dislike 不喜欢，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原谅、宽恕，finish 完成，forgive 原谅，understand 理解，give up 放弃，imagine 想象，keep 保持，mind 介意、
21、在乎， miss 未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示can help 禁不住，can tsta nd无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to 坚持，be used to 习惯于，object to 反对，be busy 忙于，fee like 想要be surprised at对感到惊讶 be proud of以为骄傲 succeed in在某方面成功be afraid of 害怕 give up 放弃(2) 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer
22、主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse 拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn , wish 希望，hope, expect, afford 负担得起。(3)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词:like, love, dislike, hate, begin, star, continue , prefer, can tbear/e ndure 无法忍受，cease 停止(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词:forget， go on, mean ， regret， remember
23、，stop， try 等stop doing停止做 forget doing 忘记做过 remember doing 记得做过 regret doing 后悔做过 try doing 试着做 go on doing继续做（同一件事） mean doing 意味做 for ano ther hour.D to be waitingStop to do停下来去做 Forget to do忘记要做 Remember to do记得要做Regret to do遗憾要做Try to do企图做，尽力做Go on to do继续做（另一件事）Mean to do 打算做In some parts of L
24、ondon, miss ing a bus means _A waiti ngB to waiti ngC wait答案：A(5) Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers n eed wateri ng/to be watered.The problem is worth discuss ing.3、作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collect ing stamps.Her job is wash ing, clea ning and tak ing ca
25、re of the child.4、作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room， a diving board， a reading room， a dining hallthere are a lot of swim ming pools in the city.注：(1)现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。 如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰 n之后。女口： a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga develop ing country =a country whi
26、ch is develop ing(2)动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。女口： a wash ing mach ine = a mash ine for wash inga swimming pool = a pool for swimming二、动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are in terested in playi ng chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of ti
27、me.Im sorry for not hav ing kept my promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：We must do somethi ng to preve nt water from being polluted.I remember havi ng bee n told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doi ngbeing donedoi ng完成时havi ng donehavi ng bee n donehav ing don
28、e分词 （分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。） 现在分词和过去分词的区别：过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义； 在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生， 定的时间性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶fallen leaves已经落在地上的树叶一、分词的作用1、作定语（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleep ing boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the buildi ng.A lost opport u
29、nity n ever retur ns.He is a retired worker.（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如 give， left等作定语也后置。如：The girl sta nding un der the tree is my ni ece.The build ing built last year is our library.This is the questi on give n.There is nothing in teresti ng.（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：
30、Most of the people in vited to the party were famous scie ntistsThe first textbookfor teaching English as a foreign Ianguage came out in the 16 th century.A have written 答案：DB to be writte nC being writte nD writte nWhat the Ian guagein Germa ny?A speak ingB spokenC be spoke nD to speak答案：BPrices of
31、 daily goodsthrough a computer can be lower tha n store prices.A are boughtB boughtC bee n boughtD buying.答案：BWhen I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Sorry to miss you; will call later. ”A readB readsC to readD readi ng答案：D解析：reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作 message 的后置定语，相当于 which r
32、ead, pinned 禾口 reading的逻辑主语都是message,它与pin是被动关系，用一ed形式，与read是主动关系，用一ing形式2、作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didn receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more atte nti on, the trees could have grow n better.If more attentio
33、n was given, the trees could have grown better.（ 条件） Walk ing along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital（原因）. Though defeated, he did n lose heart.（让步） He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.（伴随） He came running to tell me the good news.（方式） some offi
34、cials, Napole on in spected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Bei ng followed 答案：BHaving bee n followedThere was a terrible noisethe sudde n burst of light.A followed B followi ng C to be followed 答案：B, liquids can be cha nged into gases.A Heati ngB To be heated C Heated答案：注意：（1）being followedHeat
35、（2）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在 分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being） Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加 上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。When, the museum will be ope n to the pub
36、lic n ext year.A completed B completi ng C being completed D to be completed 答案：Asuch heavy polluti on already, it may now be too late to clea n up the river.A Having suffered B SufferingC To sufferD Suffered答案：A3、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:The film is touch ing.The glass is broke n.She
37、 looked tired with cook ing.He remained standing beside the table.Im verywith my own cook in g. It looks nice and smells delicious.Mm, it does have asmell.A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant 答案：D4、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：I smell somethi ng bur
38、 ning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my n ame called.I can make myself un derstood in En glish.I found my car miss ing.I have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。The man agers discussed the pla n that they would like to seethe next year.A carry out B carry ing out C carried out D to carry out答案：C5、作插
39、入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。gen erally speak ing 般说来talk ing of (speak ing of) 说至 Ustrictly speak ing 严格地说judgi ng from 从 判断all thingsconsidered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Gen erally speak ing, dogs can run faster tha n pigs.总的来说
40、，狗比猪跑得快。一、分词的时态1、与主语动词同时。如：Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。The secretary worked late into the ni ght,a long speech for the preside nt.A to prepare B prepari ngC prepared D was prepari ng答案：B2、先于主语动词分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用havi ng done。如：Having fini shed his homework, he w
41、ent out for a walk.After he had fini shed his homework, he went out for a walk.做完作业，他出去散步。a reply, he decided to write aga in.A Not receivi ngB Receiv ing notC Not having receivedD Having not received答案：C二、分词的语态1、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book 他就是给你书的那个人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。2、 不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 等 词。如：a retired person 一个退休的人a fallen ball 一个落下来的球a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
