1、Pronunciation WorkshopInstructor：Paul GruberIntroduction：（01：17-02：27）When you learned English as a second language, you kept many of the sounds and speech rules from your first language and you were continuing to use them when you speak English. This is what gives you an accent.You were using the s
2、ounds and speech rules from your native language instead of the sounds and speech rules of English. This program willshow you and train you on how to use these sounds and speech rules correctly and showing you how to correctly form new sounds by changing the position of your tongue or changing the s
3、hape of your lips. These small changes are going to make very big changes in your speech.How to Practice（02：35-03：15）Speak slowlyUse a Loud VoiceExaggerate Your Mouth MovementsWhat would you be doing is retraining the muscles of your mouth in your tongue to move in new ways, which will produce a new
4、 pronunciation patterns.These new speech patterns will slowly and eventually involve into your own spontaneous fast speech, but it is important that you start out going very slow.The Key to Success（03：15-05：15）Being aware of your errorsRecognizing mistakes when you hear themWhen most Americans speak
5、 you will notice that we seem to open our mouth a lot and there is a great amount of mouth movements.Arrangement of this program（05：15-05：45）During the course of this program, I will begin by addressing consonant sounds and then later on well work with vowel sounds. Now vowel sounds, as you know, ar
6、e A E I O and U, like ahh, ohh, eee, ehh, ihh and ooo. And consonant sounds are basically all the other letters sounds, like b, ch, s, t, f, g, sh, w and of course, there are many many more sounds.Session One（05：55-22:34）1. Consonant R2. Consonant WR Tips（07：07-09：00）Mouth and lips come tightly forw
7、ard as if you would be saying the OO sound.Tongue moves back.Now one way of checking if youre doing this correctly with your tongue is by actually putting your finger around an inch into your mouth while saying an R sound.You should be able to take the tip of your finger and feel the tip of your ton
8、gue.Practice(09:00-12:34)R at the beginning of words (like Rock Rain)Bringing your mouth forward and pulling your tongue back.R at the end of words or after a vowel (like Car Far Air Poor)Your tongue hasta pull backand also your lips close a little bit in the front.The R needs to be very strong and
9、you need to close the word.R in the middle of words(like Very Arrange Everyone)Your tongue is back and your lips are coming all the way forward.R Blends(12:34-14:10)The R is always the strongest sound of the blend.Your lips come forward before you even say the word.When the blend is at the beginning
10、 of a word, your mouth prepares for the R, by coming forward before you even say the word.R blends at the beginning of words(Training Trust)R blends in the middle of words（Subtract Waitress）W Tips（similar to R）(15:34-17:42)Practice first with OO.Then go into OOOOOWAWAWA.Remember, A W is always makes
11、 a W sound. It NEVER makes a V sound.Remember, the W sound is also at the beginning of the wordsOne andOnce.Practice(17:43-19:24)W at the beginning of words（like Why Which ）W in the middle of words（like Always Away）Dont forget to bring your mouth forward at the beginning of each word.Q sounds (Q=KW)
12、(19:24-20:18)For example, the word Quick is pronounced with the K and the strong W sound. KWICK, like that.Session Two(22:50-44:25)1. Voicing2. Consonant pairs3. Consonant S4. Consonant Z VoicingVoicingis when your vocal cords are vibrating in your throat, producing a sound. All vowels are voiced. S
13、ome consonants are voiced, some are not. (24:35-26:23)Paired Consonants:(26:23-29:11)P&B T&D F&V SH&ZSH K&G S&ZConsonant S & Consonant Z :(29:11-30:00)The S consonant, made with the air going through your front teeth. /s/the S sound is unvoiced.You just add voicing. What would the S sound become /s/
14、-/z/. It will become a Z sound/z/. So S has no voicing /s/, Z has voicing/z/. So we say the S sound and Z sound are also Pair Consonants. And this brings us to what I would like to cover today-S sounds/s/, Z sounds /z/and how they work in terms of word endings.Three rules for S&Z endings(30:11-38:27
15、)Rule 1If the last sound in a word is unvoiced, and youre adding an S, well, then the S remains unvoiced, too.Examples:1 cup, 2 cups (the p in cup is unvoiced, so you just add an unvoiced s)I break, he breaksRule 2If a word ends in any of these sounds:s, z, sh, ch, or dg (j), when adding an S ending
16、, addIZZZZZZExamples:1 Page 2 PagesIRaise, HeRaisesRule 3If a word ends in avowel sound(like the word Tree) or avoiced consonant(like the word Game), then when you add an S, continue the voicing throughout the entire word, and it should become a voicedZZZZ.Examples:1 Tree, 2 Treezzzz (correctly spel
17、led Trees)1 Day, 2 DaysI Fly, He FliesSome common words where Ss are pronounced as Zs(38:27-39:50)IsHisAsWasThese Those Easy BecauseSession Three(44:41-61:15)1. The Unvoiced TH Sound2. The Voiced TH Sound3. THR Blends4. Voicing the T SoundThe Unvoiced TH Sound(46:55-49:53)Flat tongue protruding thro
18、ugh your teeth. Maintain a steady air stream. Stretch out the TH sound.Example:Think of the word Thumb as having two beatsTh . umb1 2Unvoiced TH at the beginning of words(Thanks Thick)Unvoiced TH at the middle of words(Anything Bathmat)Unvoiced TH at the end of words(Bath North)The Voiced TH Sound(4
19、9:53-53:05)To make a voiced TH sound, you just need to add voicing to the unvoiced th sound. Theres the voiced TH. You should be able to feel the strong vibration in your throat and on your tongue.Voiced TH at the beginning of words (The That)Voiced TH in the middle of words (Clothing Mother)Voiced
20、TH at the end of words (Smooth Bathe)THR Blends:the combination of TH sound and the R sound(55:18-56:30)Be aware that the R is the strongest sound of the blend and its louder than the TH.So when you say a word which begins with THR. First make the TH sound and then strongly push out the R.(Thread th
21、row)TH Exceptions(58:20-60:47)Although the following words are spelled with a TH, they are pronounced as a T.Thomas Thompson Theresa Thailand Thames Esther ThymeVoicing the T SoundIf a T falls within two voiced sounds (usually vowels), the T becomes voiced like a D.Examples: Water Wader (the whole w
22、ord is voiced)Better Bedder Butter BudderVoiced T PracticeBetty boughta bitof better butter. But, said she, this butters bitter. If I putitin my batter, itll make my batter bitter.Session Four(61:28-80:21)1. Consonant F2. Consonant V3. The Unvoiced SH Sound4. The Voiced SH SoundConsonants F and V(62
23、:40-63:39)Consonants F and V are produced with contact of your upper teeth and lower lip. Think of it as biting your lower lip. Maintain a steady air stream.They are both identical, except the F is unvoiced, and the V is voiced.Fs and Vs are friction sounds and not that loud. So we stretch these sou
24、nds out a little bit, so they can be clearly heard.Practice F and V(63:40-72:46)The OF ExceptionNOT OF. BUT OV.The Unvoiced SH Sound(72:48-73:36)To make the Unvoiced SH sound, bring your mouth and lips forward, teeth should be slightly apart. Produce air stream. Words beginning with SH begin with th
25、is sound. (So are the words Sugar, Sure, Chef and Chicago.)SH practice(73:36-76:29)The Voiced SH Sound (76:29-77:00)The Voiced SH sound is exactly like the SH except voicing is added. To produce this sound, first make a sound and then you add voicing -, like that. . Now, for some people this may tak
26、e a little bit of practice, you should feel the vibrations right here in your throat .SH practice (77:00-78:31)Usual(Uzshual)Put your hand on your throat and feel for the vibration in the second syllable U-ZSHU-AL.Session Five(80:25-93:20)1. Consonant LL Tips:(81:05-83:05)Your bottom jaw should be d
27、own and your mouth should be wide open.Your tongue should RISE UP (independently of your jaw) and touch right behind your top teeth.Produce the L sound by dropping and relaxing your tongue.Practice “LA, LA, LA”, keeping your bottom jaw lowered and open while only raising your tongue.Practice(83:05-8
28、7:48)To produce an L at the end of a word, remember to slowly raise your tongue upward, towards your upper teeth, while keeping your bottom jaw as open as possible. The L sound comes from the tongue movement, not from the placement.(Using your finger to push down on your bottom teeth to keep your ja
29、w open, may be helpful for practicing.)FL Blend (87:48-89:05)Here we re combining two sounds that we have already covered. The F sound and now the L sound. Don t forget to first bite your lips for that F/f/, like that and then quickly push your tongue up and against your teeth for the L to creat the
30、 FL blend FlyComparing R and L(90:52-92:12)Keep in mind when you re producing an L, your tongue moves forward and up behind your tip. When you re producing an R sound, your lips move forward but your tongue moves all the way back. Basically, the L and the R are completely opposite sounds.L and R Com
31、binations (92:12-93:02)These words and phrases having an L sound and an R sound right next to each other. This forces you to make a clear L and then roll it right into a strong R.Example: Seal ringSession Six(93:30-106:35)1.Word EndingsOften people who speak English as a second language drop the end
32、ings or final sounds off their words, well, they do not pronunce the final sounds correctly.Make sure that the final sounds in your words come through clearly and fully. Dont drop off or shorten the endings!(94:12- 95:50)Practice P/B/T/D ending(95:50-98:48)Three rules for ED endings(98:48-103:10)Man
33、y verbs that are in the past tense end in ED.Rule 1If a word ends in an unvoiced consonant, when adding ED, just add an Unvoiced TExample: Jump jumped. (pronounced jump T)Rule 2If a word ends in a voiced consonant, add a Voiced DExample: Rub Rubbed Today I rub, yesterday I rubbed. (pronounced rub-D)
34、Rule 3If a word ends in a T or a D sound, we add a Voiced IDExample: Lift Lifted Today, I lift the ball. Yesterday, I lifted the ball.Three Nasal Sounds: M N NG(104:09-106:15)Try to say the M sound /m/ while closing off your nose. You see you can not do it. Because the M sound comes out of your nose
35、. Its the nasal sound.Same thing with the NG sound- - comes out of your nose. Its a combination of a N and a G and its found at the ends of words, like Ring and Sing. And I want you to realize that theres not a /k/ K sound.Session Seven(106.48-118:02)1. CH sound 2. The American J sound (DG)3. Conson
36、ant HCh sound and J sound(107:37-109:24)CH Unvoiced as in Ch-ur-ch,Its a combination of the T sound/t/ and the SH sound . When you put these two sounds together, you get a . Its an unvoiced sound.American J Voiced as in J-u-dge, if you take this CH sound and you keep everything in your mouth the sam
37、e, you just add voicing. It becomes an American J sound . CH , unvoiced. J, voiced.Practice(109:24-113:20)Consonant H(113:28-114:12)When an H is at the beginning of a word it is pronounced with a strong, loud air-stream. Practice: Ha. Ha Ha.Put your hand in front of your mouth for this exercise. You
38、 should be able to feel the airstream come out onto the palm of your hand.Note that some words in English that begin with the letter W are also pronunced just like an HPractice (114:12-117:09)Session Eight(118:14-129:48)1. American English Vowels2. Vowel EE3. Vowel IAmerican English Vowels(118:47-12
39、0:18)There are five vowel letters in English: A E I O and U. But there are around 15 vowel sounds and some vowels have as many as 10 different spellings.Vowel sounds are made by slightly changing the Size, Shape and the Tension of the muscle in your mouth, your tongue and your lips. A small change c
40、an produce an entirely different sound. Instead of giving you diagrams of tongue placement-how round your lips should be or how far you should open your mouth. I believe the best way to learn American vowels is by Ear Training. Listen carefully and repeat.To help teach you the American vowel sounds,
41、 I ll separate them to two groups: front vowels and back vowels. When your tongue rises up in the front, it s a front vowel. When your tongue rises up in the back, it s a back vowelFront Vowels: (From high to low)(120:18-123:50)EE - I - AE - EH A i: i ei e EE as in HeatI as in HitAE as in HateEH as
42、in Het(nonsense word)A as in HatHeat - Hate - Het - HatBack Vowels: (From high to low)(121:45-122:59)OO - Uh - Oh - Aw - Ah u: u OO as in BootUh as in BookOh as in BoatAw as in BoughtAh as in Bot(nonsense word)Boot - Book - Boat - Bought BotComparing Heat (EE) and Hit (I)(122:59-129:42)Remember: Hea
43、t is high. Hit is lower.EE Vowel SoundRemember, smile and think high.i vowel soundSession Nine(130:00-144:42)1. Vowel OW2. Vowel AEVowel O (131:10-132:45)The Hidden W: OWE, OWE, OWE, OWE, OWEWoke and Wont(134:51-137:50)Practice: WOWOWOWOWOWoke： Whoa（W）+KWont： Whoa（W）+ntVowel AE (137:50-138:22)This s
44、ound is a combination of two vowel sounds. You start with an A and then you glide up to an E. AE, AE. Notice how my mouth also closes a little bit at the end of the vowel AE.The 50 United States (Stressed sounds are in bold)(140:35-144:25)Alabama Alaska ArizonaArkansas CaliforniaColorado Connecticut
45、Delaware Florida GeorgiaHawaiiIdaho Illinois IndianaIowa Kansas Kentucky LouisianaMaine MarylandMassachusettsMichigan Minnesota Mississippi MissouriMontana Nebraska Nevada NewHampshire NewJersey NewMexico NewYork North Carolina North Dakota OhioOklahomaOregon Pennsylvania RhodeIsland South Carolina
46、South Dakota TennesseeTexas Utah VermontVirginiaWashington West Virginia Wisconsin WyomingSession Ten(144:52-154:18)1. Vowel OO2. Vowel UH3. Vowel EHOO Vowel Sound(146:08-146:37)Bring your lips tight and forwardDouble OO words that are pronounced as UH(148:18-149:19)Food has a high vowel (OO)Foot has a lower vowel (UH)EH Vowel Sounds(151:51-152:12)It s made with the front of the tongue low.Session Eleven(154:29-163:09)1. Vowel A as in Hat2. Vowel AU as in Out3. Vowel AH as in TopA Vowel Sound(155:
