1、David专题一 名词一名词的分类： 1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。二，名词变复数：2 名词复数的不规则变化 1） child-children foot-feet tooth
2、-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollar
3、s; a meter, two meters。3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，
4、如：a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。b. news 为不可数名词。c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）tro
5、users,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。5. 定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。例如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room
6、学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系2） man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 例如：men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials3） 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车） arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4） 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a
7、ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 专题二 冠词一、 不定冠词的用法：1、 泛指人或事物的类别，相当于any, 如: A hammer is tool. A steel worker makes steel.2、 泛指某人或某物。 A boy is waiting for you. There is a book on your desk.3、 表one或every。 We work 8 hours a day.I go home twice a month.4、 表示the same 的意思。 B
8、irds of a (= the same) feather flock together; people of a kind come together.5、 用在不可数名词前a)（用在物质名词前）一种，一份 A large coffee for me. It was a wonderful tea.b)（用在某些表示风、雨等的名词前）It was clear daylight now and a fine rain was falling.There is a cold wind this morning.c)（用在抽象名词前）一种 That is a great disappointme
9、nt.Its a pleasure to work with you.6、 （用在某些专有名词前）某个叫的人，一张的画，一个象的人等。I saw a Mrs. Smith on the 12th at 2:00.He had a Van Gogh in the dining-room.What a strange London they saw!Hes a living Lei Feng.7、 用于某些固定词组中。 a few, a little, a good many, a lot of, all of a sudden, as a rule, have a cold等。8、 在元音音素开
10、头的名词前应用an, 如an apple, an English book。要以发音为准，并非以元音字母而定。如a university, an hour, an “h”, an X-ray examination.二、 定冠词的用法。1、 表特定的或上文提到的人或物。The boy likes the film.Shut the door, please. The old poor peasant has a son. The son is a model worker.2、 表示世界上独一无二的东西。 the earth, the moon, the stars, the sun（但spa
11、ce前不用）3、 用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前。 the second, the tallest, the last, the first.4、 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派或组织机构等的专有名词前。the United States; the Peoples Republic of China; the Communist Party of China; the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army; the No. 15 Middle School; the department of Education.5、 用在某些建筑物名称前。The Great Ha
12、ll of the People; the Monument to the Peoples Heroes; the Great Wall; the Capital Theatre; the Space Museum; the Peace Hotel。6、 用在江河海洋，山脉群岛，海峡海湾等专有名词前。The Changjiang River, the Red Sea, the Dabie Mountains, the English Channel, the Taiwan Straits, the Persian Gulf。7、 用在报纸、会议、条约等专有名词前。the Peoples Dai
13、ly（但：China Daily） the New York Times, the 15th Party Congress, the Geneva Agreement8、 用在方位名词前，某些习惯短语中或结构搭配中。on the left, in the east, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end, hit sb on the head, catch sb by the arm9、 用在形容词前表一类人。 the poor, the dead, the young, the rich, the wounded.10、 用在双方都知，不
14、言而喻的名词前。 Give me the book. Whos the man?11. 用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇二人。the Smiths, the Greens, the Wangs, the Turners12. 用在单数可数名词前泛指某类人或物(指整个一类)。The horse is a useful animal. The computer was invaded not long ago.13. 指世纪的年代。 in the 1890s或in the 1890s14. 用在表示乐器的名词前。 play the piano (the guitar, the violin, the
15、 flute)15. 用在某国语言前，构成the language的形式。The English language is very widely used all over the world.如果单用国家变来的语言名词形式，则不用the。Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world.16. 用于“论（或按）计”之类的意思。 He got paid by the hour. They sell the cloth by the meter.三零冠词的场合。a) 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名前一般不用冠词。China,
16、 Johnson;Air is matter.Sound is invisible.b) 当名词已被指示代词、物主代词、名词所有格限制时。This book is good.I read my English book every day.c) 注：指示代词和物主代词亦不能并用。my that book, 应该说：that book of mine. 街名、广场名、公园名前。 Wall Street. Tiananmen Square, Hyde Park.d) 省市、大学名前。Hubei Province (但the Province of Hubei); Wuhan City(但the C
17、ity of Wuhan); Qinghua University(但：the University of Qinghua)e) 湖泊前一般不用冠词。 East Lake, Salt Lake, Dongting Lakef) 山峰前不用冠词。 Mount Hua, Mount Tai, Mount Everestg) 月份、星期、节日、三餐饭的名词前。March, Christmas, Sunday;Have you had lunch?Spring is the best season of the years.(但月份或季节被限定则须冠词。I arrived here in the wi
18、nter of 1993.)h) 称呼语，表示头街或职务作宾补或同位语的名词。Whats this, John?We made Li Hai monitor.i) 学科名、球类、棋类名词六前。We like maths.They often play football.j) 泛指的复数名词前。 Students must work hard at their lesson.K） 与by连用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名词前。 by bus, by hand, by radio, by air, by water.配套习题： 冠词练习( )1.John is_university student
19、. A.some B.any C.a D.an( )2.He gave my sister _useful book yesterday. A.an B.a C./ D.the( )3.I have_Uncle.He is good at mending TV stes. A.an B.a C./ D.the( )4.There is _“s”in the word“smile”. A.a B.an C.the D./( )5.Mr Smith always gives me _hand when I am in trouble. A.a B.an C.the D./( )6.The cart
20、oon “Mulan ”is_interesting film and_story happened in China. A.a;the B.an;the C.the;a D.an;a( )7.We often have sports after class,and I like to play_basketball. A.a B.an C.the D./( )8.-Wheres Xiao Ming?-Hes having_rest over there. A.a B.an C.the D./( )9.There is _“h”in the word“hour”. A.a B.an C.the
21、 D./( )10._earth we live on is bigger than_moon. A.The;a B.The;the C.An;a D.An ;the( )11.The scientists from_United States live in _Ninth Street. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D.the;/( )12.-Whats the matter with you?-I caught _bad cold and had to stay in_bed. A.a;/ B.a;the C.a;a D.the;the( )13.John likes
22、playing _football.But he doesnt lke playing _piano. A.the;the B./;the C./;/ D. the;/( )14.She is one of _most popular teachers in this school. A.a B.the C./ D.much( )15.Tom has_high fever and his mother is looking after him. A.a B.the C.an D./( )16.This is a story about_oneeyed dog. A.a B. the C.an
23、D./( )17.-Have you got_E-mail address?-Oh,yes,mine is wjb. A.the B.an C.a D./( )18.We cant see _sun on a rainy day. A.a B.the C./ D.an( )19.The house in _front of the river is on _fire. A./;/ B.the;the C.the;/ D./;a( )20.-What color is_orange?-Its _orange. A.an,an B.an,the C.an,/ D./,the( )21.Every
24、year_Mothers Day is on_second Sunday in May. A.the,the B./,the C.the,/ D./,/( )22.-Are you having _good time?-Yes,but Im feeling a little tired.I want to have_rest. A.a,/ B./,a C.a,a D.the,a( )23.We cant see _sun at _night. A.a,/ B.a,the C.the,/ D.the,the( )24.He is very rich.However,he often says_r
25、ich should help_poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/( )25._Great Wall is _longest wall in the world AA；a B.The；the CA；the DThe；a ( )26Bill is _ English teacherHe likes playing _ football Aa；the Ban；the Ca；Dan； 27 The museum is quite farIt will take you half _hour to get there by _ busAan； Ban；a Ca；
26、 D； 28._Blacks are going to the park this Sunday.Why dont we go for_walk? A.A,a B.An,/ C.The,a D./,a29.He is very rich.However,he often says_rich should help_poor. A.the;a B.a;the C.the;the D./;/30.Jane is_taller of the two. A.the B.a C.an D./ 31_ woman over there is _popular teacher in our school A
27、A；an BThe；a CThe；the DA；the 32Is he _ American boy ？ Aan Ba Cone D 33They passed our school _day before yesterday Aan Bone Ca Dthe 34Australia is _English-speaking country Aa Ban Cthe D 35There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 36This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 专题三 代词一. 人称代词人称代词所有格称为物
28、主代词。物主代词分为两类： 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等； 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：I have done my homework.（不能说 * I have done homework.）We clean our classroom every day.（不能说 * We clean classroom every day）二. 反身代词1. “反身”用法反身代词作句中宾语时，表示动作返回到主语本身。或者说，句子的主语和
29、宾语是同一个人或物。例如： He hurt himself（作动词宾语） Dick bought himself a new coat.（作间接宾语）I heard Jane talk to herself.（作介词宾语） 2. 强调用法：反身代词用作同位语时，在句中起强调作用，其位置也比较灵活。例如：I went to see the chairman myself（强调主语） We spoke to the mayor himself（强调宾语）The mayor himself met us at the door.（紧随主语之后） The mayor met us at the doo
30、r himself.（在句末）三. 不定代词1. 用some还是用any1) 一般说来，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如： There are some letters for you. There arent any letters for me2. either与neithereither指“两者之中任何一个”，neither指“两者都不”通常与单数动词连用。但在非正式英语中也可与复数动词连用。例如： Youve got two answers. Either is correct. Neither is wrong3. nobody, no one, nothing和none no
31、body和no one指人，作单数，后面不能接of 短语,例如：NobodyNo one knows why she was late againnothing指物，作单数；none指人或物，作单救或复数均可。none既可用于可数名词，也可用于不可数名词, 例如：None of the money on the table is mine. 4. every与each every强调的是“全体”；each则强调的是具体“每一个”。例如：On everyeach side of the square there were soldiers. 此外，each可作名词性代词，如：Each has t
32、wo books.（each作主语） We each are satisfied with our own rooms.(each作同位语，常位于主语和谓语动词之间，谓语动词及代词等应与主语一致。) We are satisfied with our own rooms each. (each作同位语时，也可置于句末。)5. other, the other和another1) other表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其复数形式为others。例如： There are other ways of doing this exercise Lei Feng was always
33、 ready to he1p others.2) the other表示两者之中的“另一个（人或物）”，其复数形式为the others，例如： He has a pen in one hand and a book in the other.。Only three of the students were in the classroom；the others were all on the playground.当other泛指“别人”时，前面不加定冠词： We must always be ready to help others.3) another表示不定数目中的“另一个或类似的下个
34、（人或物）”，还可与数词连用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如：How about another cup of tea？ The strike may last another two weeks.6. one1) one只可用于指代可数名词，其复数形式是ones。例如：If you cant find your pen，use the one on the table. What nice shirts！which oneones shall we buy？2) oneones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代词以及a（n），own，several和名词所有格后面。例如： His
35、knife seems sharper than mine.（不能用 my one代替mine）They dont like this town；they want very much to go back to their own.（不能用 * their own one代替their own 或 their own country） 但是，当oneones前面还带有形容词时，则例外。如：Have you any knives？I need a sharp one. My old dictionary isnt as good as Johns new one3) thethisthat o
36、ne与that： that可以指代不可数名词，而one不能。如：The weather in Wuhan is much warmer than that in Tianjing. （that不能用the one取代） that后面常接of短语。例如：This dictionary is more expensive than that one.（that onethat dictionary. one一般不省略）The window of your room is much bigger than that of mine.（thatthe window，它后面有of短语，一般不用the o
37、ne替代） 有时候the one和that可以互相取代，如： The gold ring is in that box - the one（that）with the key in the lock.4) one可以泛指人，相当于you，we，people，其所有格为ones。例如： One should do oneshis duty专题四 指示代词和不定代词一. 指示代词 1. this 和 these 表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物；that 和those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。如：This is a pen and that is a ruler.这是一支钢笔，那是一把尺
38、子 2.向别人介绍某个人时，要说“This is.”，介绍两个人时，先用“This is.”介绍一个人，然后用“That is.”介绍另一个人。 如：This is my brother and that is my sister. 这是我哥哥 那是我妹妹 3.that 和those 还可以指前文中的事物，this 和 these 指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。 如：I got up late,thats why I missed the bus. 我起床迟了，这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。 4.one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个
39、，而it 与所指名词为同一个。 I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不定） 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同类但不同个） 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.（ 同一物） 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了二. 不定代词不定代词，即不指明代替某特定名词或形容词的代词 1.常用不定代词有all , both, every, each, eithe
40、r, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等 2.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it. 3.all 都，指三者以上。 al
41、l 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。 All goes well.一切进展得很好。 all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。 both都，指两者。 4.neither两者都不 a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。 either（两者中任何一个）， neither （两者都不）。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 5. some 某些，一些，某个 1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2) 当做
42、某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。注意： (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。 (2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Would you like some coffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：If you need some help，let me know.c.some位于主语部分, Some students havent been there b
43、efore. 6. none 无人或无 不定代词none的含义和all相反，和no one，not any同义，但其用法相当于名词，在句子中一般作主语或宾语。它代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数皆可。例如： none of the problems is /are easy to solve这些问题没有一个是容易解决的。（作主语， 代替可数名词） 7.every 和each1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。 Each s
44、tudent may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.4)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。. 8.one/another/the other1) 泛指另一个用another。2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范
