1、英语中介词的用法 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on hi
2、s nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久) 之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) since与for表示时间的用法
3、区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年) by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”
4、某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Lets go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to g
5、ive a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) through与across、over的用法区别: through指“穿过(门洞/人群/树林)”; across和over可以指“跨越(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过”时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a
6、bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)(7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像”,但是as译为“作为”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.
7、(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:at the end of既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在末;在尽头”,常与过去时连用;by the end of只能表示时间,译为“在前;到为止”,常用于过去完成时; in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;to the end译为“到的终点为止”,前面往
8、往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exam
9、s.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;in a moment“一会儿
10、、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Lets leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧!) / Ill come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动
11、词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)(11)in front of 与in the front of: in front of“在的前面”, 与in the front of“在的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)(12)except (for
12、)与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅又”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)other than 除了.之外. There re nobody here other than me 与.不同. 与.不同方式.we cant
13、get there other than by swimming.Apart from : with the exception of .; besides. Apart form a few scratches, the car was undamaged动词用法一、常跟动名词做宾语的动词。结构:动词+doingadmit, stand(忍受,容忍), appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, enjoy, escape, excuse(原谅),fancy(imagine), finish, forgive, keep(continue), mind, m
14、iss(错过), pardon, practice, prevent, risk, suggest, advise, allow, permit, acknowledge, require, tolerate(容忍,忍受),favor(喜欢),involve, guarantee, approve(同意),encourage, ban(禁止),predict其中advise, allow, permit后提到相关人,用to do此时不定式做宾补。二、常跟不定式做宾语的动词。结构:动词+ to do sthagree, refuse, offer, promise, choose, decide
15、, determine, attempt, intend, manage, fail, ask, hope, want, expect, long, wish, seek, plan, prepare, learn, mean, volunteer, pretend, dare, afford, beg, demand, dislike, fear三、常跟不定式做宾补的动词。结构:动词+sb/sth+to do sthadmit(承认),advise(建议),allow(允许), ask(请求), beg(请求), bribe(行贿),cause(导致),compel(迫使), command
16、(命令),encourage(鼓励),expect(期望), forbid(禁止), force(迫使),get(使得),hate(憎恨),help(帮助),implore(恳求),induce(劝说),instruct(吩咐), invite(邀请),like(喜欢),oblige(强迫), order(命令),permit(允许), persuade(说服), remind(提醒), report(报告), request(要求), show(表现), teach(教), tell(告诉),tempt(诱惑), urge(敦促), want(想要),warn(警告),wish(希望)例:H
17、e advised me to buy a computer. 他建议我买台电脑。We expected him to arrive in time. 我们希望他及时到。I usually help Mum do the housework on Saturdays. 星期六,我通常帮助妈妈做家务。Please tell her not to make so much noise. 请告诉她别弄出那么多的响声。四、跟不带to的动词不定式做宾补的动词使役动词let, make, have和感官动词see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch以及
18、find等,后接不带to的不定式作宾补。 五、既能跟动名词又能跟不定式做宾语的动词。结构:动词+doing sth或 动词+to do sth。remember to do记得去做某事remember doing记得做过某事forget to do 忘记去做某事forget doing 忘记做应做的事stop to do 停下来去做某事stop doing 停止做某事try to do 努力做某事try doing 试着去做某事regret to do 对要做的事表示遗憾regret doing 对已做过的事表示遗憾mean to do 打算去做某事mean doing 意味着做某事或意思是做
19、某事cant help doing 禁不住 cant help to do不能帮助干go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 go on doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语) leave off doing停下某事六、感官动词的宾补感官动词既可+不带to的动词不定式做宾补;也可+doing做宾补。这类动词有:see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel 。+ do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连
20、续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调我见他正干活这个动作) 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题1)They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案:A。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用s
21、ee sb do sth 的句型。 2)The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb. doing sth句型。 有时hear等感官动词后加doing 表示正在听动词的时态一、一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 ever
22、y morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I
23、 dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。 二、一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterd
24、ay, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
25、3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 句型:It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如: It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 句型:would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议
26、等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (
27、含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去) 注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗? used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如: Mot
28、her used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing:对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didnt B. couldnt
29、C. dont D. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。 三、一般将来时的用法1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going
30、 to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
31、He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. 如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好准备Now if you will take off your clothes, w
32、e will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 如果你脱下衣服,我们将在镜子前帮你穿上新衣服be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 一般现在时表将来时1)下列动词come, go, arrive,
33、leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is rin
34、ging. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before
35、 you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? 四、现在完成时的用法现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1) 一般过去时表示过去某
36、时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:
37、this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知
38、道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasnt handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 注意:句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a le
39、tter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time that 结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time
40、that the boy had been late. 2) This is +形容词最高级+that结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。 (2) -
41、Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。 注意: 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I havent received his letter fo
42、r almost a month. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我住在这儿二十多年了。 (延续)I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。(开始时间) 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many year
43、s.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married n
44、ow. 显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。 2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。 3) since
45、 +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如: It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如: He has com
46、pleted the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句,表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句, 表示到,才。例如: He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. ha
47、ve met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。 五、过去完成时 1) 概念:表示过去的过去 -|-|-|- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。那时 以前 那时 现在 2) 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如: She said (that)she had