1、博士研究生入学考试博士研究生入学考试阅读理解阅读理解2Process of readinglSkimlScanlStudylStudy阅读技巧阅读技巧1主旨题 skim2观点/态度题 skim/studyExample 11)Researchers believe that MAO(Monoamine oxidase)in the brain has an effect on behavior by breaking down the chemical neurotransmitters that carry messages between neurons2)Scientists have
2、found a connection between levels of MAO and adult behavior3)One study found approximately the same range of MAO levels in infants and adultsExample 1A.MAO And Behavior PatternsB.What Is MAO?C.MAOs Effect On Adult BehaviorExample 21)Even at the molecular(分子的)level,change is not spontaneous2)Resistan
3、ce to change obviously occurs in the biological realm3)Nature has special rewards for living systems which seek improvementExample 2A.Change:The Special Rewards in natureB.Change:Nature Resists but RewardsC.Change:A Problem of Molecular BiologyExample 3In earlier days,those who had overseas business
4、 which they believed should be discussed personally,took a ship and set out across the briny deep.Once abroad,they transacted their affairs,engaging in commercial and social matters or conducting governmental business.Today ships and passengers continue to sail the seven seas,and airplanes soar over
5、head.But above them all,words speed through the sky telephone conversations which quickly bring together,in the most personal fashion,people who are separated by thousands of miles.Example 31.The best topic is _.A.Early Travel AbroadB.Overseas Talk Yesterday and TodayC.The Importance of Person-to-Pe
6、rson ConversationsD.The Telephone TodayExample 32.The main idea is _.A.Overseas telephone service today is ruling out all need for overseas travel.B.Nothing can take the place of person-to-person conversation in settling business,social,and governmental problems.C.Many conversations,which once requi
7、red overseas travel,can now be conducted by telephone.D.Even with modern overseas telephone service,people continue to travel abroad by ship or by plane.Example 4While we may be interested in the possibilities of social harmony and individual fulfillment to be achieved through nontraditional educati
8、on,one cannot help being cautious about accepting any sort of one-sided educational program as a cure for the worlds ills.Example 4lHow does the author feel about nontraditional education?a.He believes that it has no possibility of success.b.He doubts that it can cure the worlds ills.c.He feels that
9、 it is a cure for the worlds ills.d.He believes it will bring social harmony.三三.事实事实/细节题细节题 scan肯定法:lDictionlSyntaxlSignalslGeneral knowledge事实事实/细节题之干扰项：细节题之干扰项：l无中生有 (背离主旨)-路线错误l偷梁换柱（最常见）-陷阱无处不在！l常识错位 (顽症)-不要反客为主Example 1lWhat is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living that
10、 make Mrs.Richards anything but common.According to this statement,what kind of person is Mrs.Richards?a.She is very obvious.b.She is anything she wants to be.c.She is an unusual person.d.She is quite ordinary.Example 2lFew phenomena in history are more puzzling than this one:that men and women with
11、 goals so vague,with knowledge so uncertain,with hopes so foggy,still would have risked dangers so certain and tasks so great.What historical fact is puzzling?a.that people had such vague goalsb.that people took such great risksc.that people had foggy hopes and uncertain knowledged.that people compl
12、eted such great tasksExample 3Englands 400 HM Inspectors(Wales has its own force of 50)provide small teams to go into selected schools for a 3-5 day inspection according to size or type.This is sometimes because they have been criticized by parents,councilors or the press.There may be other reasons;
13、possibly a school is known for its particularly high standards,in which case the inspectorate will wish to learn the secret and pass it on to the Minister concerned.Possibly,an informal inspectors visit had already dug up signs of trouble.This would certainly lead to a fuller inspection.Example 3lTh
14、e inspectors always visit schools _.A.for the same number of daysB.if a brief inspection suggests something is wrongC.if parents have complained about themD.if they hear that the school is doing very wellTest 200717.By saying“For Moscow,the stakes are even higher in Ukraine”,the author means_.A.all
15、of the former Soviet Republics betrayed Russia except UkraineB.Ukraine is the key to Putins political planC.Ukraine is unlike George in many aspectsD.Ukraine weights more for its close link with RussiaTest 200719.Whats the meaning of the sentence“the Kremlins propaganda machine has been in full swin
16、g”?A.The Russia media has turned from side as it doesnt know which side to stand.B.The Russian media has shown an overwhelming support for Yanukovych.C.Different reports from Kremlins media made the public swing from time to time.D.Unlike western media,Kremlins propaganda machine has taken a neutral
17、 standPassage 4,Test 2006If a new charter of the rights of people(in the First World,or North,or whatever you like to call the part where people do not on the whole starve)were to be drawn up,there is no doubt that the right to be a tourist,to go to a Spanish beach or to visit places endorsed as bei
18、ng of cultural or scenic interest,would be prominent among its clauses.Test 200613.The first sentence indicates that_.A)people have a universal claim to holidays abroadB)tourists turn a blind eye to the poverty in the countries they visitC)holidays overseas are considered essential by people in West
19、ern societiesD)People seem to appreciate the right to a holiday more than any other rightText 1One reason it is difficult to develop vaccines for diseases like SARS and Ebola is because some viruses are believed to mutate constantly.If a virus changes quickly,a vaccine might be suitable for a while
20、but not forever.Text 11.Why is it hard to develop a vaccine for SARS?A Its a severe acute respiratory disease.B There is no known cure for the disease.C There is a constant change in the genetic structure of the virus.D The SARS virus begins its life in an animal rather than a human.Text 1However,th
21、e scientists envision that the SARS vaccine could be ground into a powder,formed into capsules,and consumed as a dietary supplement.Text 15.How might the SARS vaccine be commercialized?A Vaccine pills might be available.B Vaccine injection might be available.C Vaccine tobacco might go on sale.D Vacc
22、ine tomatoes might go on sale.三三.事实事实/细节题细节题 scan否定法:lWhich of the following does NOT describe intuitive talents?lAn organizations leadership should do all of the following EXCEPT_.lAll of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT_.E.g.Questions 25&40,Reading materials 四四.判断判断/推理题推理题 studylC
23、ontextlSignalslLogic 判断判断/推理题之干扰项：推理题之干扰项：l夸大后果 Smokingmental damage?l条件不足 RainWet ground?Example 1Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution t
24、hat businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.Example 1lThe author raises the question what about pain without gain?because _.A.he questions the truth of no gain without painB.he does not think the productivity revolution worksC.he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD.he h
25、as conclusive evidence for the revival of businessesExample 2If ambition is to be well regarded,the rewards of ambition-wealth,distinction,control over ones destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality,it must be widely sha
26、red;and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,the educated not least among them.In an odd way,however,it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always the
27、ir own then that of their parents and grandparents.There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this,a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them.Example 2lThe last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is _.A.customary of
28、 the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambitionTest 2007A defeat of the pro-Moscow candidate,Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych,wo
29、uld humiliate the Kremlin one year after another former Soviet republic,Georgia,slipped from its influence,according to observers and political analysts.The Ukrainian upheaval echoes what happened in Georgia,where protests over vote rigging led to the resignation of a Moscow-linked president and a l
30、andslide victory of a young,western-educated and Western-oriented leader.Test 200720.What can be inferred from the passage?A.Russians were dissatisfied with the absence of a seriously contested election.B.Russia would tighten its rule to control political life in other former Soviet republics.C.A se
31、quence of upheavals in its neighbors indicate Russias loss of control over themD.Russia would allow Ukraine to be ruled through democratic institute.Test 2005lBut for nuclear scientists and for certain American authorities,it had been known for some time that such a weapon was possible.lThe politica
32、l background of the atomic scientists work was the determination to defeat the Nazis.Test 200520.It is implied that the nuclear scientists _.A）might not have agreed to develop the bomb if there had been no Nazi threat B）would have developed the bomb even without the Nazi threat C）would have made the
33、 bomb,under peace time conditions,but only for the use of an international authority D）developed the bomb because Einstein thought it urgent and necessary Text 2lWith the remaining 57 percent of students scattered across 29 other subjects,some departments are strained-by Princetons comparatively lux
34、urious standards-while others are underused.Text 28.What does the author imply by Princetons comparatively luxurious standards?A Princeton has always been a university for the rich.B Princeton has stricter standards for the Big 5 departments.C You have to pay a large sum of tuition fees to attend Pr
35、inceton.D The teacher-student ratio in other universities would usually be bigger.Text 10lToday he still takes the blame for not educating these business-leaders-to-be.I really feel like I failed them,he says.If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.Text 1047.Why did Amitai Etzioni
36、say I really feel like I failed them?A)He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice.B)He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C)He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D)He didnt offer courses that would meet the
37、expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.五五.词汇题词汇题 studyl上下文l信号词/标点符号l构词法五五.词汇题词汇题 study1.定义以及重述（Definition and restatement）lA resolute man is a person who once makes up his mind to do something,he wont give it up half way.lThis man thought he was omniscient,that is,he felt he knew everything.五五.词
38、汇题词汇题 study1.定义以及重述（Definition and restatement）(1)信号词 is/are,that is,called,meaning,put in another way,in other words,etc.(2)标点符号：破折号、括弧、逗号、分号。五五.词汇题词汇题 study2.举例（Examples)lSelect any of these periodicals:Times,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker.(1)信号词 e.g.,such as,for example,for instance,et
39、c.(2)标点符号：破折号、分号。五五.词汇题词汇题 study3.比较关系(Comparison)lThe snow was falling.Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.lThe hot-air balloon took off.It was as buoyant in the air as a cork in water.五五.词汇题词汇题 study4.对比关系(Contrast)lMary is talkative,but her sister is reticent.lMost of us see everything
40、 as independent from one another.But the reality is that everything is part of one interconnected,interrelated whole.五五.词汇题词汇题 study4.对比关系(Contrast)lMary is talkative,but her sister is reticent.lMost of us see everything as independent from one another.But the reality is that everything is part of o
41、ne interconnected,interrelated whole.五五.词汇题词汇题 study5.常识(Common sense)lThe door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.lMark got on the motorbike.I sat behind him on the pillion,and we roared off into the night.五五.词汇题词汇题 study6.构词法(Word formation)The American idea of the future is limited,howev
42、er.It is the foreseeable future and not the future of involving many centuries.lWe were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel.That was why we had to pay so much for it.Test 2003lNo man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and inst
43、itutions and ways of thinking.19.The word“pristine”is closest in meaning to A.basicB.generalC.pureD.objective Test 2002lWith this candour does the gentleman speak of himself and others.The same frankness runs through all his conversation.19.“Candour”means _.A.franknessB.obsequiousC.optimismD.sarcasm
44、Text 6lSeven other people,in cahoots with the researchers,also examined the lines and gave their answers before the subjects did.And sometimes these confederates intentionally gave the wrong answer.27.What would be the possible meaning of the word“cahoots“?A)secret partnership B)close connectionC)de
45、tailed direction D)careful considerationPassage 3,Test 2005View IThe supreme twenty-century statesman and politician,presiding with ease over the nation,and representing Australia abroad with dignity and aplomb.View II Authoritarian despite his professed liberal beliefs,he was the enemy of the worke
46、rs,who stayed in office for seventeen years through a combination of unscrupulous opportunism,remarkable good luck,and the gullibility of the Australian people.Passage 3,Test 2005View IIIMenzies imposed the values of a bygone age on Australia,with his devotion to Britain and the British monarchy,and
47、 his cautious conservatism.He suppressed a new,creative,energetic generation by cultivating smugness,fear and indifference in the Australia of the 1950s and 1960s.View IVDownright democratic,something new and different but with an easy-going manner and aggressive independence.扩大词汇量扩大词汇量构词法构词法lAffixa
48、tionlCompoundinglBlendinglConversionlClippinglacronymAffixationlPrefix:通常改变词义；lSuffix:通常改变词性。1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀纯否定前缀a-,an-,asymmetry（不对称）（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）（无水的）dis-dishonest,dislikein-,ig-,il,im,ir,incapable,inability,ignoble,impossible,immoral,illegal,irregularne-,n-,none,neither,nevernon-,nonsen
49、seneg-,neglectun-，unable,unemployment2)表示错误意义的前缀 lmale-,mal-,malfunction,maladjustment(失调失调)lmis-,mistake,misleadlpseudo-,pseudonym(假名假名),pseudoscience3)表示反动作的前缀 lde-,defend,demodulation(解调解调)ldis-,disarm,disconnectlun-,unload,uncover 4)表示相反，相互对立的前缀 lanti-,ant-antiknock(防震防震),antiforeign,(排外的排外的)lco
50、ntra-,contre-,contro-,contradiction,controflow(逆流逆流)lcounter-,counteraction,counterbalancelob-,oc-,of-,op-,object,oppose,occupylwith-,withdraw,withstand2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀 1)a-表示表示“在在之上之上”，“向向”aboard,aside,2)by-表示表示“附近，邻近，边侧附近，邻近，边侧”bypath,bypass(弯路弯路)3)circum-,circu-,表示表示“周围，环绕，周围，环绕，回转回转”，circumstanc
