1、倒置法倒置法inversion翻译技巧翻译技巧2013-5-7第九讲inversionn英语受亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式的影响，英语常，注重分析推理，直线性、有秩序、有层次地围绕主题展开，信息安排往往采用：由近及远、开门见山、一语破的、头短尾长，先点出主要的或重要的判断、结论、观点、态度、要旨、结果、行为等，再追叙一些与此相关的背景、历史、条件、环境、事实、情况、情节、理由、原因、分析、例证等（general-to-specific sequence），句子或语篇开头注重的是“where the argument/talk is going”；也有受培根的归纳法逻辑思维模式的影响，采用相反
2、的语序，或按照时间先后的自然语序。2023-5-222inversionn汉语受儒、道、佛的悟性思维模式的影响，汉语多，常常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型、经验式的临摹型或螺旋式、漫天谈式的思维模式，喜欢“摆事实，讲道理”，信息安排常常按照“自然”语序：由远及近、层层剥笋、逐步深入、头长尾短，先叙述一些背景、历史、条件、环境、事实、情况、情节、理由、原因、分析、例证等，再点出主要的或重要的判断、结论、观点、态度、要旨、结果、行为等（specific-to-general sequence），句子或语篇开头注重的是“where the argument/talk is coming fro
3、m”，通常反映了现实的时间和事理顺序，犹如对现实生活经历的临摹；也有类似英语的逻辑顺序。2023-5-223比较要点比较要点英英 语语汉汉 语语叙事部分与表态部分的顺序先总提后分述表态部分（判断、结论等）在前叙事部分（事实、分析等）在后先分述后总提顺序往往相反意思强弱、轻重部分的顺序先弱后强先轻后重先小后大顺序往往相反长短部分的顺序先短后长常用时态、连接词语等表示时间和逻辑顺序先长后短常用分句、短句、断句、流水句按时间和事理顺序排列描写性、限制性部分的位置多作定语，少作谓语多作谓语，少做定语连用数个形容词的顺序越能说明人和事物本质的越靠近名词顺序往往相反2023-5-224比较要点比较要点英英
4、 语语汉汉 语语定语的位置单词在名词之前短语、从句在名词之后修饰词语较分散单词、词组和小句在名词之前没有定语从句较短的修饰词语较集中较长的修饰词语较分散状语的位置比较灵活较长的常在句末常在动词之前状语分句常在主句之前同位语的位置较长的在名词之后较短的在名词之前位置往往相反主、谓、宾（表）的位置有时不靠拢可被其他较长成分隔开靠拢，不宜相隔太远2023-5-225ninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesninversion of word order in translating attributesnpositi
5、on of adjective clausesninversion of adverbialsnposition of adverbial clausesninversion of sentence structure2023-5-226inversionninversion of word order in translating attributesnposition of adjective clausesninversion of adverbialsnposition of adverbial clausesninversion of sentence structure2023-5
6、-227inversionn词组或短语的词序倒置2023-5-228inversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesnorth,south,east,and westnortheast,northwest,southeast,southwestmen and women,young and old,sisters and brotherssooner or lateryou,he and Irich and poorfood,clothing and housing东西南北东北、西北、东南、西南男女老少、兄弟姐妹迟早你我
7、他贫富衣食住small and medium-sized countries中小国家peasants who had little or no land无地和少地的农民be slighted,pushed aside or attacked受打击、排斥或轻视2023-5-229inversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesEnglishChinesenarrower range wider rangewider range narrower rangeless important more importantmore
8、important less importantweaker strongerstronger weakerninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesnposition of adjective clausesninversion of adverbialsnposition of adverbial clausesninversion of sentence structure2023-5-2210inversionn定语的词序倒置2023-5-2211inversion of word order in tr
9、anslating attributesGod Almightyprofessor emeritusthe body politicproof positivethe rent duethird person singular万能的神/上帝荣誉退休教授政治团体确凿的证据该付的/到期的房租单数第三人称限定词限定词描述性描述性分类性分类性中心词中心词冠词、指示代词、不定代词、所有格、数量词主观判断客观描述来源物质（动）名词性质 特征大小形状新旧颜色2023-5-2212watchwallapplesfacecarpetsaveryvaluableoldgoldaredbrickhighsomeea
10、tinggreensoursmallpinkherroundChinesegreenthreelarge一个很贵重的旧金表一堵高的红砖墙一些适宜生吃的绿色酸苹果她那张粉红色的小圆脸三条绿色的中国大地毯限制性限制性判断性判断性描述性描述性本质性本质性中心词中心词物主、国别时间、地点数量、指代名词、单音节词2023-5-2213中国的中国的一位一位优秀优秀青年青年作家作家他他这几篇这几篇专为大学专为大学生编写的生编写的最新实用最新实用语法语法教材教材去年皖北去年皖北小麦的小麦的平均平均产量产量我们我们在其他地区的在其他地区的许多许多重要的重要的新新水利水利工程工程an outstanding co
11、ntemporary young Chinese writerhis practical and latest textbook on grammar for college studentsthe average output of wheat in North Anhui last yearmany of our important new water conservancy projects in other areasConcise Oxford Dictionary of English Literature牛津简明英国文学词典The Advanced Learners Dictio
12、nary of Current English高级现代英语学习词典Nineteen-century American history十九世纪的美国历史/美国十九世纪的历史remarkable political stability政局非常稳定the first African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in recognition of his long non-violent struggle against racial discrimination因长期同种族歧视作非暴力斗争而被授予诺贝尔奖的第一位非洲人2023-5-2214inversion of w
13、ord order in translating attributesShe had such a heart of her own.她心地厚道，为人乐观，性情温柔，待人和蔼，气量又大。She was an daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington.她是哈丁顿一位富裕医生的女儿，有才华，又迷人，但有点脾气。Then one can see the face of a woman with eyes and tresses.那时可以看出，她是一个眉清目秀的少女，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。2023-5-2215inversion
14、of word order in translating attributesninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesninversion of word order in translating attributesninversion of adverbialsnposition of adverbial clausesninversion of sentence structure2023-5-2216inversionposition of adjective clausesn定语从句的位置英语的定语从
15、句主要分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。限制性定语从句通常与被修饰的名词关系比较紧密，如果不是很长，翻译时宜将其置于名词之前；非限制性定语从句一般只对被修饰的名词做描述和补充说明，通常较长，翻译时宜将其与主句拆开译为两个分句。2023-5-2217Objects cause shadows.物体会造成阴影。Atoms are the units.原子是基本单位。Here we shall discuss only such factors.这里我们将只讨论那些因素。We could not really feel satisfied,calm or in agreement with
16、the situation.我们对局势难以感到满意，也难以感到心安理得。2023-5-2218position of adjective clausesBernard Shaw was a well-known English playwright,.，是英国一位著名剧作家。You,have taken the road to higher forms of social organization and culture.，而你们现在又已踏上了走向更高级的社会组织和文化形式的道路。Air is a mixture of gases.空气是多种气体的混合物，。The time has long
17、passed.这样的岁月早已一去不复返了。2023-5-2219position of adjective clauses定语从句有时可以表达目的、结果、原因、条件、转折、让步等意义，翻译时可以将表达该意义的连接词译出。2023-5-2220position of adjective clausesJohn,did not come to class.约翰昨天病了，没来上课。Peter,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.彼得在做实验之前从头到尾仔细阅读过操作指南，但是由于他生搬
18、硬套，所以得不到满意的结果。We maintain that no peace situation is permanent.我们认为，不体谅一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都是不会持久的。So my chances of getting to revolutionary China are pretty slim although I have not given up my efforts to get a passport,.因此，我到革命的中国来的希望相当小了，虽然我并没有放弃努力，争取获得护照，访问社会主义国家。2023-5-2221position of adjectiv
19、e clausesninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesninversion of word order in translating attributesnposition of adjective clausesnposition of adverbial clausesninversion of sentence structure2023-5-2222inversioninversion of adverbialsn状语的词序倒置英语的副词经常位于动词后或整个句子的最后。而汉语的副词则经常位于它们所修
20、饰的动词前，表达目的地、程度、目的和结果等的副词除外。2023-5-2223S+V(+O)MannerPlace of DirectionFrequencyTimeWe studyhardin the classroomeveryday.He has beento Londonseveral timesthis years.He walkedround the parkbefore supper.I saw that filmat the Regal Cinematwicelast week.2023-5-2224inversion of adverbialsSTimePlace of Dir
21、ectionMannerV(+O)Frequency我去年在北京愉快地遇见他两次。她每天早晨在室外大声朗读。我们每周在学校里看电影一次。他每天清早环校慢跑两周。2023-5-2225inversion of adverbialsninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesninversion of word order in translating attributesnposition of adjective clausesninversion of adverbialsninversion of senten
22、ce structure2023-5-2226inversionposition of adverbial clausesn状语从句的位置English adverbial clauses denoting,or usually follow the main clause;other adverbial clauses denoting,or may precede or follow the main clause.2023-5-2227position of adverbial clausesChinese subordinate clauses(从属分句)denoting or fol
23、low the main clause;other subordinate clauses denoting,or generally precede the main clauses.2023-5-2228Stormy applause broke forth.她一出现在台上，就爆发出暴雨般的掌声。The machine will start.你一按电钮，机器就会开动。Im proud.我国如此突飞猛进，我感到很骄傲。She was worried.她担心得简直吃不下晚饭。She would have fallen.要不是我抓住她，她早就摔倒了。2023-5-2229position of
24、adverbial clausesMany centuries had passed man learned to make fire.Ill do it now I forget it.We had scarcely left our school it began to rain.It was not long he knew it.I enter on the main subject I have something to say.I could say a single word,he ran away.Look you leap.He will die he lies.Exerci
25、se:BEFORE2023-5-2230(在在)(之、以之、以)前前/(后后)才才/一一(刚刚)就就/就、便、就、便、快快/未未就，还没有就，还没有(来得及来得及)就就/趁趁(着着)，不然会、，不然会、要不就、以免要不就、以免/先先(然然)后，先后，先再，而后，未再，而后，未先先/宁宁(可可)(也也)不不(肯肯)，宁愿，宁愿绝不绝不before1.(在在)(之、以之、以)前前2.(后后)才才3.一一就就4.就、便、快就、便、快5.未未就，还没有就，还没有(来得及来得及)就就6.趁趁(着着)，不然会、要不就、以免，不然会、要不就、以免7.先先(然然)后，先后，先再，而后，未再，而后，未先先8.宁
26、宁(可可)(也也)不不(肯肯)，宁愿，宁愿绝不绝不Many centuries had passed man learned to make fire.好几个世纪，人类学会取火。Ill do it now I forget it.我现在做，忘了。We had scarcely left our school it began to rain.我们离开学校下起雨来。It was not long he knew it.他不久知道这件事了。Answer:2023-5-2231(在在)(之、以之、以)前前/(后后)才才/一一(刚刚)就就/就、便、就、便、快快/未未就，还没有就，还没有(来得及来得及)
27、就就/趁趁(着着)，不然会、，不然会、要不就、以免要不就、以免/先先(然然)后，先后，先再，而后，未再，而后，未先先/宁宁(可可)(也也)不不(肯肯)，宁愿，宁愿绝不绝不I enter on the main subject I have something to say.在讨论这一主题，我有些话要说。I could say a single word,he ran away.我说一句话，我跑了。Look you leap.三思后行。He will die he lies.他死撒谎。Answer:2023-5-2232(在在)(之、以之、以)前前/(后后)才才/一一(刚刚)就就/就、便、就、便
28、、快快/未未就，还没有就，还没有(来得及来得及)就就/趁趁(着着)，不然会、，不然会、要不就、以免要不就、以免/先先(然然)后，先后，先再，而后，未再，而后，未先先/宁宁(可可)(也也)不不(肯肯)，宁愿，宁愿绝不绝不Dont wait problems pile up and cause a lot of trouble trying to solve them.Dont open the door the train stops.We cannot really learn anything we rid ourselves of complacency.Never reach for t
29、he next step you feel sure of the preceding one.Exercise:UNTIL2023-5-2233until1.在在之前之前2.(等等)再，等再，等才才3.译为汉语的紧缩句译为汉语的紧缩句Dont wait problems pile up and cause a lot of trouble trying to solve them.不要问题成了堆，闹出了许多乱子，然后去解决。Dont open the door the train stops.火车未停，不要开门。We cannot really learn anything we rid o
30、urselves of complacency.不克服自满情绪，就无法真正学到任何东西。要认真学习一点东西，必须从不自满开始。Never reach for the next step you feel sure of the preceding one.第一步若无把握，绝不要走第二步。事无把握，绝不先行。Answer:2023-5-2234until1.在在之前之前2.(等等)再，等再，等才才3.译为汉语的紧缩句译为汉语的紧缩句ninversion of word order in translating word-groups or phrasesninversion of word or
31、der in translating attributesnposition of adjective clausesninversion of adverbialsnposition of adverbial clauses2023-5-2235inversionn句子结构的倒置2023-5-2236inversion of sentence structureinterrogative inversionimperative inversionexclamatory inversionhypothetical inversionbalance inversionlink inversion
32、signpost inversionnegative inversionmetrical inversion疑问倒装命令倒装惊叹倒装假设倒装平衡倒装衔接倒装点题倒装否定倒装韵律倒装语法倒装&修辞倒装It is a feature of English to put lighter parts before more weighty ones,the or the after the or the.That is to say,the predicate is often longer or heavier than the subject,which is called“”by grammar
33、ians.Such arrangement,however,is often contrary to that in Chinese.2023-5-2237inversion of sentence structureEnglishChineseeffect causecause effectconclusion analysisanalysis conclusionhypothesis premisepremise hypothesis2023-5-2238inversion of sentence structureWe are delighted with the two superpo
34、wers treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that they may retain and their agreement on limitations on strategic offensive weapons.【原译】我们感到高兴的是，两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保留的反导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议。【改译】两个超级大国签订了限制它们可保留的反导弹系统的数目的条约并达成了限制进攻性战略武器的协议，对此我们感到高兴。2023-5-2239neffect&cause(原因与结果原
35、因与结果)inversion of sentence structureThe solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever hostage to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa,nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrastination and the postponement of the solution.【原译】南部非洲问题的解决不能永远成为南非耍政治花招和策略
36、上的拖延手段的抵押品，也不能永远成为提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的抵押品。【改译】不管是南非耍政治花招还是策略上的拖延手段，抑或是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。2023-5-2240nconclusion&analysis(结论与分析结论与分析)inversion of sentence structureOur country could be effective in both the tasks outlined by the President that is,of ending hostilities as well as of making a co
37、ntribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.如果我们采取行动，以便能够继续与中东问题各方保持接触，那么我国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平做出贡献。2023-5-2241nhypothesis&premise(假设与原因假设与原因)inversion of se
38、ntence structureI was,and remain,grateful for the part he played in the recovery of my lost document.我丢失的文件得以找回，他出了不少力。对此我过去感激，现在仍然很感激。He flew back just yesterday from Georgia where he had spent his vacation after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in the south.他本来在南方从事一项建筑工作
39、，任务完成后，他就去佐治亚度假，昨天才坐飞机回来。2023-5-2242nthe latest&the earliest(时间的先后时间的先后)inversion of sentence structureThe tragedies of the Aswan High Dam are but one example of the consequences of human attempts to“improve”on nature before understanding the ecological implications of these acts.The statement that
40、oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world.Overgrazing in the Near East and North Africa has resulted in the formation of the present deserts along the once fertile Mediterranean shores.Everybody was quite amazed that a man connected with the
41、se political people would be so frank about the man who had just been elected.Exercise:2023-5-2243The tragedies of the Aswan High Dam are but one example of the consequences of human attempts to“improve”on nature before understanding the ecological implications of these acts.人类还没有理解自己的行动在生态上将意味着什么，就
42、贸然去“改造”自然，其后果是不堪设想的。阿斯旺高坝的悲剧仅仅是其中的一个例子。The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world.石油是在海里形成的，这种说法，只要看一下世界主要油田分布图，就可以得到证实。Answer:2023-5-2244Overgrazing in the Near East and North Africa has resulted in the formation of the pr
43、esent deserts along the once fertile Mediterranean shores.在近东和北非，地中海沿岸曾经是沃野千里，由于过度放牧，如今已成了一片沙漠。Everybody was quite amazed that a man connected with these political people would be so frank about the man who had just been elected.一个同这些政界人物有来往的人，对刚当选的总统竟敢如此直言不讳，实在令人惊讶。Answer:2023-5-2245nfocus of infor
44、mation信息焦点主句传递主要信息，从句传递辅助信息在这种情况下，新信息焦点，即说话者认为对方不知道的信息中最主要之点落于主句，从句所传递的信息具有以下几种功能：2023-5-2247position of adjective clausesThey reviewed the international situation and expounded their respective positions and attitudes.【原译】他们回顾了经历着重大变化和巨大动荡的国际形势，阐明了各自的立场和态度。【改译】国际形势经历着重大变化和巨大动荡，他们回顾了这种国际形势，阐明了各自的立场和
45、态度。For many years,his was the only kindness,the only friendship.【原译】多年来，只有他对她发些善心，有点情谊，使这个孤苦懦弱的人得到一点照应和安慰。【改译】多年来，只有他的善心才是她唯一能够领受到的，只有他的情谊才使这个孤苦懦弱的人得到一点安慰。2023-5-2248对主导词加以限制或特指对主导词加以限制或特指Amelia begged the old gentleman to give the money to dear Rebecca,while she lacked for nothing.【原译】艾米利亚求这位老先生把这钱
46、送给丽贝嘉，丽贝嘉才真正需要这钱，而她自己什么都有。【改译】艾米利亚求这位老先生把这钱送给丽贝嘉，因为她自己什么都有，丽贝嘉才真正需要。It would save time,but might be considered irregular by the Germans,who are stickers for form.【原译】这样当然节省时间，可是最讲究形式的德国佬会认为很不雅观。【改译】这样当然节省时间，可是德国佬会认为很不雅观，因为他们最讲究形式。2023-5-2249交代原因，说明结果交代原因，说明结果So she wisely determined to render her position with the Queens Crawley family comfortable and secure,and to this end resolved to make friends of everyone around her.【原译】她很精明，决定在女王的克劳来家族巩固自己的地位，舒舒服服过日子。因此，她都想法子笼络她周围和她有利害关系的人。【改译】她很精明，决定在女王的克劳来家族巩固自己的地位，舒舒服服过日子。因此，在她周围的人，凡是和她有利害关系的，她都想法子笼络。2023-5-2250交代条件，使主句语义严密交代条件，使主句语义严密
