1、非谓语动词1性质性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词的形式非谓语形式构成时态和语态否定式不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非谓语前加not分词现在分词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done过去分词done动名词doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done不定式的用法最丰富，应记住一下几点：1.可以
2、与疑问词结合在一起,构成:疑问词+to do，可以代替名词性从句；2.常与形容词结合在一起，构成:形容词+to do；3.有丰富的句型。no use/no good/useless/hard1.It is very kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.2.The old needs/wants/requires sending to hospital.=The old needs/wants/requires to be sent to hospital.3.They lifted a rock only to drop in the
3、ir own feet.4.The stone is too heavy to lift.5.He is strong enough to lift the stone.6.The clothes are easy to wash.=It is easy to wash the clothes.=The clothes wash easily.7.I need some paper to write on.8.He is always the first to get to school and the last to go home.9.Why not go with me?10.You c
4、an take a bus if you want to11.I dont know what to do.12.I had intended to see you,but I have no time.=I intended to have seen you,but I have no time.13.It is said that he went there yesterday.=He is said to have gone there yesterday.14.To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.15.I was about to go o
5、ut when I met my mother.作宾语作宾语熟记接熟记接doing作宾语的动词：作宾语的动词：miss mind enjoy 小姐小姐(错过错过)介意介意 享受享受(喜欢喜欢)，admit suggest advise 承认承认 建议建议 劝告，劝告，avoid imagine risk 避免避免 想象想象 冒险，冒险，stop/give up delay escape 停止停止 拖延拖延 逃跑，逃跑，consider practise finish 考虑考虑 实践实践 完成，完成，include excuse/forgive bear/stand 包括包括 原谅原谅 忍受忍受
6、介词介词+doing 1.He was in low spirits and even consider _(go)away.2.They built the banks to prevent the area from _(flood).3.I cant help _(have)the trip to Britain.4.Dont tell me you always escape _(fine)because you have a fast sports car.5.Can you imagine _(leave)standing outside for a whole night.6.H
7、e didnt feel like _(work),so he suggested _(spend)the day in the garden.7.You certainly mustnt miss _(see)the wonderful film.不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,hope,seem,fail,offer,manage,pretend,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.1.They wanted _(get)on the b
8、us,didnt they?2.He said he wished_(be)a professor.3.I agreed_(go)there with the doctor.4.My daughter preferred _(dance)when she was in her twenties.5.He had promised _(give)me a hand.比较比较一般说来，动词一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的
9、动作，特别是将来的动作。是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)Its not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指)Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体)I like singing,but I dont like to sing tonight
10、.“动词动词+非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语”的各种情况的各种情况1.见上表2.want,wish,hope,decide,learn,would like,plan3.love,like,hate,prefer,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt4.stop,try,mean,regret,remember,forget,need/want/require,go on1.动词动词+doing;2.动词动词+to do;3.动词动词+to do和doing，意思没什么改变；4.动词动词+to do和doing，意思改变很大。go on to do做完一件事
11、后，接下去做另外一件事Having finished the exercises,we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。go on doing继续做同一件事。Though it was raining heavily,they went on working,尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。mean to do想要做某事I didnt mean to hurt you.我并不想要伤害你。mean doing意味着要有一个结果Missing the train means waiting
12、for another hour.误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾I regret to say I must leave tomorrow.很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。regret doing对所做的事感到后悔I regret not having told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remember to lock the door when you leave.离开时记得要锁门。remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”I remember
13、 posting that letter.我记得寄了那封信。forget to do忘记要做某事She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service.她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事While working,he stopped to talk with Tom at ti
14、mes.工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。stop doing停止正在做的事When the teacher came into the classroom,the pupils stopped talking.教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。try to do设法做某事I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。try doing试验做某事Would you please try doing that again?请你再试一次好吗？need,require,want作作“需要需要”
15、解时，后面接动词解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcting/to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了。The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。感官动词：感官动词
16、：1.see,hear(被动结构后接被动结构后接to do)feel,watch,notice,listen to2.find,catch(后接后接doing)使役动词：使役动词：1.let,make(被动结构后接被动结构后接to do)2.have(后接后接do或或doing)3.keep(后接后接doing)(后接后接do或或doing)(后接后接do)see+sb./sth.+do/doing 看见做 do 的 see him cross the road宾语之后加动词原形，表自动作的开始到结束 doing的重点在于动作的进行状态 be seen+to do被看见做 see+n.+don
17、e eg.see the man killed看见某人被杀 He was seen to come out.有人看见他走出来。We saw her chatting with her neighbors.我们看到她在和邻居聊天。感官动感官动词词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作表示动作的连续性，进行性的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活
18、了。昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调强调我看见了我看见了这个事实这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调（强调我见他正我见他正干活干活这个动作）这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题典型例题 1）They knew her very well.They had seen her _ up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow 答案：答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程
19、，而非正在长的动作，因此用过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。的句型。2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play 答案答案A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。句型。作宾语补足语作宾语补足语句型：主语句型：主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补宾补主谓关系主谓关系1.主动将来主动将来-to do3.被动被动-done2.主动进行主动进行-doing1.He tol
20、d me to attend the meeting.2.Dont have the horse running so fast.3.I can make myself understood in English.注意注意感官、感官、使役动词使役动词后的宾补后的宾补We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。(singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-e
21、d分词。)作定语和状语非谓语动词，特别是分词主要用来作定语和状语名词+非谓语动词短语主谓关系主动将来-to do主动非将来-doing被动被动将来to be done被动进行being done被动非将来非进行-done定语 （5）不定式与分词作定语的比）不定式与分词作定语的比较较 不定式与分词都可作定语；不不定式与分词都可作定语；不定式作定语表示将来的动作；现在定式作定语表示将来的动作；现在分词作定语指正在进行的动作；过分词作定语指正在进行的动作；过去分词作定语指过去的动作。去分词作定语指过去的动作。The question to be discussed is of great impor
22、tance.即将讨论的问题非常重要。即将讨论的问题非常重要。The question being discussed is of great importance.正在讨论问题非常重要。正在讨论问题非常重要。The question discussed is of great importance.讨论过的那个问题非常重要。讨论过的那个问题非常重要。1.Tomorrow I have lots of work _(do).(将来)2.He is the man _(attend)the meeting tomorrow.(主动将来)3.The boy _(stand)there is my b
23、rother.(进行)4.The man _(live)here last year was Mr.Smith.(过去)5.The girl _(have)big eyes and long hair is Lucy.(一般)6.The radio _(repair)tomorrow is Mikes (被动将来)7.The radio _(repair)now is Johns.(被动进行)8.The radio_(repair)yesterday is Smiths (被动非将来非进行)1.Tomorrow I have lots of work _(do).(将来)2.He is the
24、 man _(attend)the meeting tomorrow.(主动将来)3.The boy _(stand)there is my brother.(进行)4.The man _(live)here last year was Mr.Smith.(过去)5.The girl _(have)big eyes and long hair is Lucy.(一般)6.The radio _(repair)tomorrow is Mikes (被动将来)7.The radio _(repair)now is Johns.(被动进行)8.The radio_(repair)yesterday
25、is Smiths (被动非将来非进行)to doto attendstandinglivinghavingto be repairedbeing repaired repaired将定语从句改为分词作定语1.The girl who is working at the loom is my sister.The girl _is my sister.2.There are few people who live on the island.There are few people_.3The man who lived here last year is from America.The m
26、an _is from America.4Those who break the law should be punished.Those _should be punished.5.He lost the book which was bought yesterday.He lost the book _.6.The meeting which will be held tomorrow has been cancelled.The meeting _ has been cancelled.将定语从句改为分词作定语1.The girl who is working at the loom i
27、s my sister.The girl working at the loom is my sister.2.There are few people who live on the island.There are few people living on the island.3The man who lived here last year is from America.The man living here last year is from America.4Those who break the law should be punished.Those breaking the
28、 law should be punished.5.He lost the book which was bought yesterday.He lost the book bought yesterday.6.The meeting which will be held tomorrow has been cancelled.The meeting to be held tomorrow has been cancelled.分词作形容词用作形容词的分词中，doing具有主动的含义，done具有被动的含义It is a frightening dog.(令人恐惧的)It is a frigh
29、tened dog.(受到惊吓的)当作形容词用的分词往往是一些情绪心理方面的分词，如：interesting/interested;surprising/surprised;delighted,determined,touched/touching,astonishing/astonished;shocking/shocked;disappointed/disappointing,satisfying/satisfied;excited/exciting;frightening/frightened,amazing/amazed,moving/moved.The _(interest)fath
30、er thought he told us an _(interest)story,but I was not_(interest)in it because the story was so _(frighten)that I was much _(frighten)at it,which made my mother _(worry)about me.Exercises:用所给词的适当形式填空The _(interest)father thought he told us an _(interest)story,but I was not_(interest)in it because t
31、he story was so _(frighten)that I was much _(frighten)at it,which made my mother _(worry)about me.interestinginterestinginterestedfrighteningfrightenedworriedExercises:用所给词的适当形式填空 分词做定语的位置及其它分词做定语的位置及其它 “定分定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。单个分词在词前，分词短语在词后，单个分词在词前，分词短语在词后，“定从定从”和它互对照。和它互对照。“现分现分”动作进行时，动
32、作进行时，“过分过分”动作完成动作完成了。了。注：注：“定分定分”：做定语的分词；：做定语的分词；“定从定从”：定语从句；定语从句；“现分现分”：现在分词；：现在分词；“过分过分”：过：过去分词。）去分词。）分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义 分词做状语，概有七意义。分词做状语，概有七意义。“时间时间”和和“原因原因”，“结果结果”与与“目目的的”。“方式方式”加加“伴随伴随”，“条件条件”常出席。常出席。且谈其主语，谓语头前的且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。（。（*指句子指句子的主语）的主语）状语分词作状语的步骤分词作状语的步骤1）找分词的主语：一般是句子的主语）找分词的
33、主语：一般是句子的主语2）分析主动或被动关系：）分析主动或被动关系：主动首选用主动首选用doing，被动首选用被动首选用done，被动进行用被动进行用being done3）分析分词与谓语的时间关系）分析分词与谓语的时间关系先于谓语发生用先于谓语发生用having done，与谓语同时发生用与谓语同时发生用doing，1.to do在句首常作目的状语2.分词在句后作伴随状语 分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义 分词做状语，概有七意义。分词做状语，概有七意义。“时间时间”和和“原因原因”，“结果结果”与与“目目的的”。“方式方式”加加“伴随伴随”，“条件条件”常出席。常
34、出席。且谈其主语，皆指谓前的主语且谈其主语，皆指谓前的主语不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。目的、结果、原因。only to doonly to do表示出人意表示出人意料的结果。料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only to find We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.none there.in order(not)to,so as(not)toin order(not)to,so as(n
35、ot)to用来引导用来引导目的目的状语状语,enough,too,so,enough,too,so as to do,such+as to do,such+名词名词 as to do as to do作作结果结果状语状语.如如:The girl was so kind as to help the:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.Im not such a fool as to believe tha
36、t.（1）现在分词在句中作）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果果等状语。等状语。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when,while等）等）Hearing the good news,he jumped with great joy.Not having finished her work in time,she was fired by the boss.原因状语原因状语Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave them a note伴随状语伴随状语The girls came in,fol
37、lowing their parents.结果状语结果状语The poor old man died,leaving nothing to his children.注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式时则用完成式having donehaving done。语态性。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则则“主动进行，被动完成主动进行，被动完成”。人称一致性。人
38、称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。句子的主语。过去分词做状语过去分词做状语过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，常常过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，常常用作用作原因、时间、条件，伴随原因、时间、条件，伴随等状语。等状语。（1）过去分词作原因状语）过去分词作原因状语Tired by the trip,he soon fell asleep.=Because he was tired by the trip,he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in tho
39、ught,he almost ran into a car.（2）作时间状语）作时间状语Seen from the hill,the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill,it looks like a garden.（3）作条件状语）作条件状语Given more time,I would have worked out the problem.=If I had been given more time,I would have worked out the problem.4)伴随状语伴随状语The t
40、eacher came in,followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.1._(finish)his homework,he went to bed.2._(hear)the bad news,he burst out laughing.3._(ask)how old she was,she glared at me.4._(surround),the enemy were escaping in all directions.5._(improve)his English,
41、he speaks English every day.6.He sat in the chair _(watch)TV.1.为了使意思更加明白，在分词前面可以加上适当的连为了使意思更加明白，在分词前面可以加上适当的连词，一般是：词，一般是：when,while,if；2.分词可以代替状语从句，从句与主句的主语一致时，分词可以代替状语从句，从句与主句的主语一致时，直接用分词代替从句（分词之前可以加连词）；从句与直接用分词代替从句（分词之前可以加连词）；从句与主句的主语不一致时，分词用回原来的主语，但前面不主句的主语不一致时，分词用回原来的主语，但前面不可加任何连词。可加任何连词。1._(fin
42、ish)his homework,he went to bed.2._(hear)the bad news,he burst out crying.3._(ask)how old she was,she glared at me.4._(surround),the enemy were escaping in all directions.5._(improve)his English,he speaks English every day.6.He sat in the chair _(watch)TV.Having finishedHearingAskedBeing surroundedT
43、o improve1.为了使意思更加明白，在分词前面可以加上适当的连为了使意思更加明白，在分词前面可以加上适当的连词，一般是：词，一般是：when,while,if；2.分词可以代替状语从句，从句与主句的主语一致时，分词可以代替状语从句，从句与主句的主语一致时，直接用分词代替从句（分词之前可以加连词）；从句与直接用分词代替从句（分词之前可以加连词）；从句与主句的主语不一致时，分词用回原来的主语，但前面不主句的主语不一致时，分词用回原来的主语，但前面不可加任何连词。可加任何连词。watching对划线部分改为分词做状语1.Wei Fang sat at the desk and wrote an
44、 article in English.Wei Fang sat at the desk,_2.As he is a tailor,he knows what to do with this material._,he knows what to do with this material.3.The sun shines brightly in the sky and gives us light and heat.The sun shines brightly in the sky,_4.when he heard this,he got terrified._,he got terrif
45、ied.5.After she lit a candle,she went out._,she went out._,she went out6.Because he did not know how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help._,he went to her for help.7.While she was wandering through the street,the old woman met a PLA man._,the old woman met a PLA man.8.If weather permits,well
46、go on an outing._,well go on an outing.对划线部分改为分词做状语1.Wei Fang sat at the desk and wrote an article in English.Wei Fang sat at the desk,writing an article in English.2.As he is a tailor,he knows what to do with this material.Being a tailor,he knows what to do with this material.3.The sun shines brigh
47、tly in the sky and gives us light and heat.The sun shines brightly in the sky,giving us light and heat.4.when he heard this,he got terrified.(When)Hearing this,he got terrified.5.After she lit a candle,she went out.Having lit a candle,she went out.After lighting a candle,she went out6.Because he did
48、 not know how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.Not knowing how to dye the silk red,he went to her for help.7.While she was wandering through the street,the old woman met a PLA man.(While)Wandering through the street,the old woman met a PLA man.8.If weather permits,well go on an outing.Wea
49、ther permitting,well go on an outing.八、非谓语动词八、非谓语动词1.(2009山东，山东，22)We are invited to a party in our club next Friday.A.to be heldB.held C.being heldD.holding 解析解析 partyparty和和holdhold之间是被动关系，由句中的时之间是被动关系，由句中的时 间状语间状语next Fridaynext Friday可知应用表示将来的不定式短可知应用表示将来的不定式短 语语to be heldto be held作后置定语。作后置定语。A
50、2.(2009宁夏，宁夏，35)Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decisions?A.takingB.take C.takenD.to take 解析解析 句意为：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问句意为：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问 题，人们对我们做的决定满意吗？题，人们对我们做的决定满意吗？decisiondecision和和 taketake之间是被动关系，而之间是被动关系，而A A、B B、D D均表示主动，不均表示主动，不 合题意。合题意。C3.(2009上海，上海，31)A small plane
