1、StrategiesSt.1 Notice,attend to HSt.2 ExaggerateThis often done with exaggerated intonation,stress,and other aspects of prosodic.Examples:“You are a fantastic cook,the lunch was great!”“How absolutely marvelous/extraordinary/.”StrategiesSt.3 Intensify interest to HS intensify the interest of his own
2、 contribution,by“making a good story”and draw H as a participant into the conversation with direct questions and expressions like you know,see what Example:“I come into his room,and what do you think I see?a huge mess all over the place and right in the middle,a naked.”St.4 Use in-group identity mak
3、ersUsing any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership:address forms,language or dialect,jargon or slang and ellipses.Examples:“Honey,can you give me the beer?”“Hey brother,whats going on?”“How about a drink?”StrategiesSt.5 Seek agreementS seeks ways in which it is possible to agree with
4、 H.Examples:“I hate this politicians,they know nothing about the small citizen,they earn.”“She had an accident last week.-Oh my good,an accident!”St.6 Avoid disagreementThe desire to agree or appear to agree with H leads also to mechanisms for pretending to agree:white lies and hedge“Have you got fr
5、iends?-I have friends.So-called friends.I had friends.Let it put me this way.”“Its really beautiful in a way.”StrategiesSt.7 Presuppose/raise/assert common groundThe value of Ss spending time and effort on being with H,as a mark of friendship or interest in him,by talking for a while about unrelated
6、 topics.Examples:“Isnt it a beautiful day?”“How are you?”And she says to Jim,I love you!,and he saysSt.8 JokeJokes are based on mutual shared background and values and putting H“at ease”.Example:“How about lending me this old heap of junk?“(Hs new cadillac)StrategiesSt.9 Assert or presuppose Ss know
7、ledge of and concern for Hs wantsAssert or imply knowledge of Hs wants and willingness to fit ones own wants in with them.Examples:“Look,I know you want me to be good in mathematics,so shouldnt I do my homework now?”(instead of cleaning my room)St.10 Offer and promiseExamples:“Ill try to get it next
8、 week!”“Ill wash the dishes later!”StrategiesSt.11 Be optimisticS assume that H wants for S or for H and S,and will help him to obtain them.Example:“Youll lend me your apartment-key for the weekend,I hope.”St.12 Include both S and H in the activityExamples:“Lets go,girls!”“We will shut the door,maam
9、.The wind is coming in.”StrategiesSt.13 Give(or ask)reasonsExamples:“Why dont we go shopping or to the cinema?”“Why not lend me your jacket for the weekend?”St.14 Assume or assert reciprocityS and H may claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciprocal or obligations obtaining between S and H.Example:“Yesterday I ve washed the dishes,so today its your turn!”
