1、语法专项8 主谓一致【主谓一致综述】在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 一、语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm. （单数名词作主语）To study English well is not easy. （动词不定式作主语）What he said is
2、 very important for us all. （名词性从句作主语）The children were in the classroom two hours ago. （复数名词作主语）Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. （动名词作主语）【小叮咛】由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。例如：What I bought were three English books. 我买了三本英语书。What I say and do is (ar
3、e) helpful to you. 我说的和做的都是对你有帮助的。2. 由连接词and或both . and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。例如：Lucy and Lily are twins. （and连接两个人名作主语）She and I are classmates. （and连接两个代词作主语）The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. （and连接两个名词作主语）Both she and he are Young Pioneers. （bothand连接两个代词作主语）【小叮咛】(1)
4、如果and 连接的两个词是指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念，则两个名词共用一个冠词，谓语用单数。英语中并列结构表示同一概念的有：iron and steel 钢铁；law and order 治安；bread and butter黄油面包；a watch and chain 一块带链的表；a knife and fork 一副刀叉；a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上衣；aim and end 目的；truth and honesty 真诚，例如：The writer and artist has come.（这个人既是作家又是艺术家）There is a knife and fork
5、 on the desk. 在桌子上有一副刀叉。(2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. No boy and no girl likes it. 3.主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, be
6、sides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。例如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.（划线部分是主语，划波浪线是修饰主语的成分） Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单
7、数看待。例如：Each of us has a new book. Everything around us is matter. 【小叮咛】(1)在口语中当either或neither后跟有of+复数名词（或代词）作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of us has (have) been to America. 5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作
8、主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard.(先行词是friends)He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. (因为有the only修饰，所以先行词是one)6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, team, class, crowd, committee, population, audience, club, crew, enemy，governme
9、nt，group，party，public等。例如：Class Four is on the third floor. （强调整个集体）Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. （强调集体中的成员）The whole family are watching TV? （强调集体中的成员）His family is going to have a long journey（强调整个集体）【小叮咛】(1) population一词的使用情况跟上述类似，但是当population和分数、百分数连用时用复数谓语。例如：The population in
10、 China is very large，and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers.(2) 某些集体名词(如people，police，cattle，militia等)只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。例如： The police are searching for him(3) 单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。例如： A sheep is over there, 那儿有一只绵羊。Some sheep are over there那儿有一些绵羊。(4) )名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只
11、指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。常见的省略名词有：the bakers，the barbers，the carpenters，the Zhangs等。例如： My Uncles is not far from here The doctors is on the side of the street7. 分数或百分数+of+名词”构成短语，以及由“some，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a(1arge)quantity of，the rest of，a heap of，the majority of , heaps of+名词”构成短语时，其名词可以是可
12、数名词或不可数名词。作主语时，采取就近一致的原则，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中of后面的名词是中心词，而名词前面的量词是修饰语。例如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. （谓语根据people而定）The rest of the lecture is wonderful. （谓语根据lecture而定）50% of the students in our class are girls. （谓语根据students而定）A quantity of blouses were on sale A large qu
13、antity of beer was sold Plenty of English books are on the shelf Lots of damage was caused by fire Three-fifths of the workers here are women About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water【小叮咛】 a number of许多，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of.的数量，主语是number，谓语用单数。 8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
14、。例如：There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. / Such are the facts. 二、逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。例如：Which is your bag? 哪一个是你的书包？Which are your bags? 哪一些是你的书包？All is going
15、 well. 一切进展顺利。All have gone to Beijing. 所有的人都去了北京。2. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，例如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 做这项工作三十分钟足够了。3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如： The Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book. 天方夜谭是一本有趣的故事书。4. 表数量的短语one and a half
16、后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。例如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。例如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. 12加8等于20。Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 56除以8等于7。【小叮咛】(1)某数词单纯表示数字作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是当基数词表示的不是数值而是数量时，谓语动词可用复数形式。例如： The billion is a large num
17、ber Twelve were boys. (2)英语中算术式作主语时，若是减法或除法算术式，谓语通常用单数形式；若是加法和乘法，谓语动词有时也可用复数形式。例如： Three times five is/are fifteen Two and (plus) two is/are four. Twelve divided by four is three Three taken from eight leaves five 在提问加、减、乘、除得数时，如用how much，谓语动词多用单数形式；如用how many，谓(3)语动词多用复数形式。例如： How many are two time
18、s five? How much is eight divided by two? 6. 一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾，像mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：The paper works was built in 1990. I think physics isnt easy to study. 【小叮咛】(1)复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，作单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法)，wor
19、ks(工厂)，species(种类)，Chinese，Japanese等。例如： The (This) glass works was set up in l970 这家玻璃厂建于1970年。The(These)glass works are near the railway station 这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。(2)当它们前面有a，such a，this，that修饰时，谓语用单数；有all，such，these，those修饰时，谓语用复数。但“means，“no means，“the means等词前没有以上修饰词时，可作单数，也可用作复数。 (3)work作“工作”解时是不可数名词
20、，作“著作”解时是可数名词，有单复数之分。7. 一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具主语时；谓语通常用复数形式，如scissors，chopsticks，compasses，shoes，trousers，clothes，glasses等。但如果主语由“a kind of ，a pair of，a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. A pair of shoes was on the desk . 8、如果主语由“the+形容词或过去分词
21、)”结构充当时，表示某一类人时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有；the brave，the poor，the rich，the blind，the young，the old, the sick，the dead，the deaf and dumb，the oppressed，the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等。 例如：The old are taken good care of in this area. 【小叮咛】(1)但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。例如： The departed(死者) was a well-known e
22、ngineer The blind study in special schools (2)这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时，就要与名词man，person或表示人的单数连用。如：all old man，a rich person，the(a)wounded soldier三就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1. 当两个主语由either . or, neither . nor, whether . or ., not only . but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。例如：Either the teacher or the student
23、s are our friends. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。例如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 【小叮咛】Here引导的句子用法同上。 四、主谓一致应注意的几个问题： 1. this kind of book=a book of this kind(这种书)，其谓语用单数；短语this ki
24、nd of men=men of this kind=these kinds of men(口语)(这一类人)，但this kind of men的谓语用单数， men of this kind和these kinds of men的谓语用复数。all kinds of后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。例如： Men of this kind are dangerous This kind of men is dangerous 2. 如果名词词组中心词是all，most；half，rest，part等词语，表示的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。例如： All of the wate
25、r is gone。 All of my classmates work hard 3. 名词性物主代词后的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。例如： Ours(Our Party) is a great party our shoes are black，mine (=my shoes) are brown 4. such，the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。例如： Such are his wordsSuch is our plan 5. 关系代词who，that，which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词
26、的数一致。例如： Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun Those who want to go please youre your names here 6. 不定代词any，either，neither，none，all some，more等作主语时，有以下两种情况： (1)单独用作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。例如： All are presentlets begin the meeting Now all has been changed either，neither单独作主语时，谓语通常
27、用单数。 (2)后接of时，若of的宾语为不可数名词，动词当然用单数形式；若of的宾语为复数名词或代词，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。 例如： None of them has(have)seen the film Do(es) any of you know his address? 【小试牛刀】I 用括号中所给出的动词的适当形式填空。1. There _ (be ) a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.2. Here _(be )some envelopes and paper for you.3.
28、Not only his family but also he _ (like )(喜欢）Chaplins movies.4. You or I _ (be )going to receive them this afternoon.5. They, together with Tom , _(be) going to swim this afternoon .6. No one but your parents _(be) there then .7. He, like you and your brother, _(be) very clever. 8. The teacher, incl
29、uding his students, _(be)going to see Professor Tell. 9. Mary, together with his sisters _ (have)gone back.10. A poet and a novelist _(have) visited our school.11. Wu Dong and Wu Xi _(be) twin brothers. (be)12. Butter and bread _ (be)her favorite food. 13. A journalist and author _(live)in the house
30、14. Every desk and every chair _(be) made of wood. 15. Many a boy and girl _(have )made the same mistake. 16. .No boy and no girl _ (be) in the classroom.17. Many a student _ (like) pop songs.18. A lot of students _ (be)waiting outside .(be)19. More than 70 percent of the surface _(be) covered by wa
31、ter .20. The class _(be) made up of 54 students .21. All the class _(have)gone to the playground .22. The rich _(be)for the plan, but the poor _ against it.II 单项选择1.I, who_ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A. am B. is C. are D. be2. The rich _ not always happy.A. are B. is
32、 C. has D. have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I _ his students.A. are B. am C. is D. was4. Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I _ at home.A. am B. is C. are D. be6. Not only my brother but also I _ good at painting.
33、 Both of us _ good painters.,A. are; are B. am; am C. am; are D. is; is7. Every boy and every girl _ to attend the evening party.A. wish B. wishes C. is like D. like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China _ peasants.A. was B. is C. would be D. are9. The population of China _ larger than that o
34、f .any other country in the world.A. is B. are C. has D. have10. Every means _ tried but without any result.A. have been B. is to be C. are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,_ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League sec
35、retary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A. is B. was C. are D. is being13. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There _ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A. are B. is C. ha
36、s D. have15. A large number of students in our class_ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses _ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesnt change B. dont change C. change D. changed17. The Arabian Nights _ well known to the English.A. is B. are C.
37、was D. were18. Chairman Mao s works _ published.A. has been B. have been C. was D. is19. A chemical works_ built there.A. is to being B. have been C. were to D. has been20. The Olympic Games _ held every _ years.A. is; four B. are; four C. is; five D. are; fiveKeys: I 1. is 2. are 3. likes 4. am 5. are 6. is 7. is 8. is 9. has 10. have 11. are 12.is 13. lives 14. is 15. has 16. is 17. likes 18. are 19. is 20. is 21. have 22. are; are II 15 AAACA 610 CBDAD 1115 ACABA 1620 AABDB
