1、 专题专题 07 07 阅读理解（议论类）阅读理解（议论类） 【母题来源【母题来源一一】 【2019天津卷，D】 Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-k
2、nows-what motives，he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes， and the book was Don Quixote （ 堂吉诃德 ） . And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and
3、creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？ Weve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because
4、 they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are
5、willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we cant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please， some people are never going to love us-an idea that trou
6、bles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我） ，whether to love
7、d ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept. Many of us equate （视等同于） commitment with such caring occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a tr
8、uck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson. 51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_. A. loss of freedom stimulates ones creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving ones goal C. misery
9、inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a mans pursuit of success 52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？ A. End ones struggle for liberty. B. Waste ones energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learn
10、ing. 53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？ A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 54. What does the author intend to tell us
11、in Paragraph 5？ A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life 55. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage？ A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningf
12、ul adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 51.B 【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还
13、身陷囹 圄，在 53 岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作唐吉柯德 ，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的 成功，年龄也是如此，故选 B。 52.D 【解析】 词义猜测题。 根据第三段 Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知 run
14、out of steam 可知，停止学习，故选 D。 53.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可 知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选 C。 54. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 we learn to bear with the things we cant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We
15、 learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love usan idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情， 学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼， 但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选 D。 55.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者
16、的目的 是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选 A。 【母题来源【母题来源二二】 【2019江苏卷，C】 Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a
17、matter of peoples opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “ye
18、sterday“ that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society“ has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制 造业) with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved t
19、he international community to worry about the “digital divide“ between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the devel
20、oping countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved peoples lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in r
21、ural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led pe
22、ople to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world“. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great
23、 technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is
24、very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in a
25、ll sorts of wrong directions. 61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to _. A. a lack of confidence in technology B. a slow progress in technology C. a conflict of public opinions D. a waste of limited resources 62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should _. A.
26、 take peoples essential needs into account B. make their programmes attractive to people C. ensure that each child gets financial support D. provide more affordable internet facilities 63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advan
27、ces. B. Believing that the world has become borderless. C. Ignoring the power of economic development. D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication. 64. What can we learn from the passage? A. People should be encouraged to make more donations. B. Traditional technology still has a pla
28、ce nowadays. C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D. Economic policies should follow technological trends. 【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利 的影响。 61.D 【解析】 细节理解题。 根据第二段 However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 可知， 对信息技
29、术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用， 也就是资源的浪费， 故选 D。 62.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved peoples lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or settin
30、g up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记 本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，
31、铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们 的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作 者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选 A。 63.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段 In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so
32、revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world“. 以及 Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的 变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨
33、国界的 资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选 B。 64.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday“ that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “p
34、ost-industrial society“ has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富 裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经 济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选 B。 【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅
35、 读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。 【考试方向】 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充 分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式： 写法一：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为 写法二：写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 写法三：写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。 议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论 据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得
36、分比较难的题型。 在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合 理的推断。 注意事项：注意事项： 1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案) 2. 要先看题目，后读文章。要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较) 高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题 定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。 3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有： (1)标志类、指示类的信息。 表示并列关
37、系：and, also, coupled with 等； 表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast 等； 表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result 等； 表示递进关系：in addition to, even, whats more, furthermore 等； 表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first 等。 以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。 (2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind 盲目的(贬), excessively 过分的(贬), objectiv
38、e(客观)等。 4. 常见问题：常见问题： (1)读不懂怎么？ 问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。 unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段； conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段； conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段； unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。 从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。 (2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？ (3)做完了一遍不愿意看第
39、二遍怎么办？ (4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？ 能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。 在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。 【得分要点】 解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑： 作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调 的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果(Cause it is about relationships. To find out when and why people laugh, I went with several assis
40、tants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed. Over a 10-year period, we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally occurring laughter. We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes. People may laugh after a variety of statements, such as, Here comes Mary, How
41、 did you do on the test? or Do you have a rubber band? These certainly arent jokes. We believe laughter evolved from the panting (喘气的) behavior of our ancient ancestors. Today, if we tickle (使 发痒) chimps, they dont laugh. But, instead, they produce a panting sound. Thats the sound of ape laughter, a
42、nd its the root of human laughter. Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter, like games that involve chasing. Other animals produce sounds during play, but they are so different from laughter. Rats, for example, produce high sounds during play and when tickled, but these are
43、 very different in sound from human laughter. Laughter is often positive, but it can be negative too. Theres a difference between laughing with and laughing at. People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group. No one has actually counted how much people of different ages laug
44、h, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less. Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter, how it has evolved, and why were so suscept
45、ible to tickling. 1. What was the purpose of the decades research? A. To prove that people laugh because of humour. B. To find out the real reason for people s laughter. C. To research people s different reaction on jokes. D. To record conversations among shoppers in malls. 2. What can we learn from
46、 the text? A. People who play more tend to laugh more. B. Apes produce high sounds when tickled. C. Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well. D. The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh. 3. What does the underlined word suscepti
47、ble in the last paragraph probably mean? A. Sensitive. B. Flexible. C. Addictive. D. Reliable. 4. Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A. The Impact of Laughter B. The Meaning of Laughter C. A Big Mystery: Why Do We Laugh? D. Laughter: The Most Beautiful Words 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。
48、笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言。本文探讨了 人类为什么笑这个话题。 1.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段的 To find out when and why people laugh可知本文写作目的是弄清楚 人类什么时候以及为什么会笑。故B项正确。 2.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段的 At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.可知，玩得多的人笑得
49、多。A项正确。 3.A 词义猜测题。联系上下文可知 susceptible（易受影响的）与 sensitive 的意思最为接近。故选 A。 4.C 【解析】主旨大意题。笑容是世上最通用的语言，笑容是世上最温暖的语言，本文探讨了人类为什么而笑 这个问题。故 C项为最佳标题。 【母题 2】 【东北三省四市 2019 届高三二模联考】 Connecting with people has become so much easier with advancing technology. Tasks that once required a postage stamp or carrier pigeon are now as simple as tapping a name or even a face on your screen, and youre connected. But also easier is unconsciously getting caught up in a dilemma by violating certain new rules for
