1、2020/12/21Unit Eight ArchitectureText A Evolution of Chinese Architecture2020/12/22New words Timber;ascribe;demigod;purlin;chisel;prototype Caste;aristocrat;porch;advent;plaster;flaunt;terracotta;overhang;earthquake-resistant;quakeproof;polygonal;lattice;palatial;gutter;Multitude;multi-eaved;ornamen
2、tal;relegate;adjunct;superstructure;opulent;extravagance;Gild;inlay;podium;grotesque;rockery;marble bracket;mortises and tenons;human sacrifice;3精品资料4 你怎么称呼老师？如果老师最后没有总结一节课的重点的难点，你是否会认为老师的教学方法需要改进？你所经历的课堂，是讲座式还是讨论式？教师的教鞭“不怕太阳晒，也不怕那风雨狂，只怕先生骂我笨，没有学问无颜见爹娘”“太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早”2020/12/252020/12/26Archite
3、cture Ancient Chinese architecture enjoyed a long history and great achievements,and created many architectural miracles such as the Great Wall.In the process of its development,superior architectural techniques and artistic design were combined to make unique Chinese architecture be one of the thre
4、e greatest architectural systems.2020/12/27Architecture Ancient Chinese architecture features unique timber framework that clearly identifies supporting structure and bounding structure.Timber framework decides that colour is the main ornament used on ancient Chinese architecture.At the beginning,pa
5、int was used on wood for antisepsis7Anti5sepsis防腐防腐,while later painting became an architectural ornament.2020/12/28Architecture In feudal society,the use of colour was restricted according to strict social status classification.Since yellow was deemed noblest colour and green the second,they were o
6、ften applied on palace painting,which was called Hexicaihua(a kind of Chinese colour painting)in Chinese.2020/12/29Architecture The sophistication of ancient Chinese Architecture gives it a special place in the architecture of the world.There are magnificent imperial palaces,solemn and breathtaking
7、imperial tombs,mysterious sacrificial and ancestral altars and temples as well as a variety of ordinary dwellings of natural simplicity.Religious buildings are dotted about the country,with a riotous5raiEtEs 狂欢的 of Buddhist,Taoist and Islamic temples or mosques.On top of all this,city walls and fort
8、ifications,civic buildings for miscellaneous misi5leinjEs,-niEs purposes are rich in variety and form impressive landmarks.2020/12/210Lofty terraces and magnificent palaces 2020/12/211dragons or phoenixes Usually,dragons or phoenixes were painted on a green background with massed gold powder or foil
9、.This style of painting would give the structure a clear-cut and a magnificent noble image under the background of a white granite basement.In a unique way,such sharp colour contrasts achieve artistic effects.2020/12/212Lofty terraces and magnificent palaces2020/12/213Lofty terraces and magnificent
10、palaces2020/12/214Religions buildings2020/12/215These religious constructions consist mainly of temples of Buddhism,Lamaism,Islamism5izlEmizm,and Taoism.They differ in layouts of buildings,ways of groupings,systems of coloured paintings and themes of engravings,according to the different religious d
11、octrines and requirements of usages.They are also different from other kinds of structures.Portraits of Buddhas,murals,engraved tablets,calligraphy,Buddhist utensils,furnishings,and Buddhist scriptures are carefully kept in those constructions.They are important cultural relics or art treasures of h
12、igh value.The peoples government has paid much attention to religious architecture.After the founding of New China,a special organization was set up to protect and renovate cultural relics and historical sites.In 1961,Regulations Regarding the Pretection of National Key Cultural Relic units and put
13、under appropriate protection.In recent years,to facilitate religious activities,special funds have been allocated by the government and many temple repaired.Some temples in Beijing have been opened as tourist sites.2020/12/216Temples 2020/12/217Temples2020/12/218Temples2020/12/219Temples2020/12/220T
14、emples2020/12/2212020/12/2222020/12/223Grottos2020/12/224 Mausoleum Architecture2020/12/225Mausoleum architecture accounts for a major part in ancient Chinese architecture.The general layout of the Ming and Qing mausoleums are roughly the same.They are built against the mountain and divided by valle
15、ys along which walls are erected.A stone monument stands in front of the deceased dI5si:st已故的已故的emperor,ornamental columns and stone figures of men and animals are arranged on both sides of the Sacred Way inside the gate.A stone bridge proceeds the roads leading to separate tombs.In each tomb area,t
16、here are a number of constructions,including the Dragon and Phoenix Gate,a tablet,the Gate of Eminent Favour,the Hall of Eminent Favour,the side halls,the Soul Tower,the grave mound and subterranean sQbtE5reInIEn地下的地下的constructions with the underground palace as the main part.Mausoleums of the Ming
17、Dynasty(1368-1644)are magnificent,while those of the Qing Dynasty are carefully built.2020/12/226Tombs 2020/12/227Tombs2020/12/228Tombs2020/12/229Tombs2020/12/230 Garden Architecture 2020/12/231Garden architecture is an important part of ancient architecture in Beijing.Beginning in the 11th century,
18、the Liao Dynasty emperors had their temporary palaces built around the Western Hills.By the end of the 12th century,the Jin Dynasty emperors began to develop the scenic spot of the Fragrant Hills,which became a favourite resort for the later emperors.In the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368).Beihai Park,and Wa
19、nshoushan(Longevity Hill)presently Qionghua Islet in Beihai Park were set as imperial garden.In the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),Garden of Marvelous Hill was built on the present site of the Summer Palace.The classical gardens that have been preserved were mostly built during the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911).
20、Examples of these are the Imperial Garden,Emperor Qianlongs Garden in the Forbidden City,Studio of Mental Tranquility,and those scattered around the northwestern suburbs including Changchunyuan(situated in the present-day Beijing University),Yuanmingyuan,Jingmingyuan,Jingyiyuan,and Qingyiyuan.2020/1
21、2/232Gardens 2020/12/233Gardens2020/12/234Gardens2020/12/235Gardens2020/12/236Gardens2020/12/237Bridges 2020/12/238Bridges2020/12/239Bridges2020/12/240Storeyed Pavilion (Ge)2020/12/241The Chinese ge is similar to the lou in that both are of two or more storey buildings.But the ge has a door and wind
22、ows only on the front side with the other three sides being solid walls.Ge are usually enclosed by wooden balustrades or decorated with boards all around.Such storeyed pavilions were used in ancient times for the storage of important articles and documents.Wenyuange for instance,in the Forbidden Cit
23、y of Beijing was in effect the imperial library.Kuiwenge in the Confucius Temple of Qufu,Shandong Province was devoted to the safekeeping of the books and works of painting and calligraphy bestowed by the courts of various dynasties.Visitors to the city of Ningbo,Zhejiang Province,can still see Tian
24、yige,which houses the greatest private collection of books handed down from the past.Monasteries of a large size normally have their own libraries built in the style of a ge and called cangjingge to keep their collections of Buddhist scriptures.Some of the ge,notably those erected in parks,like othe
25、r pavilions or towers(ting,tai and lou),were used for enjoying the sights.2020/12/242Storeyed Building (Lou)2020/12/243When the Chinese speak of a lou,they refer to any building of two or more storeys with a horizontal main ridge.The erection of such buildings began a long time ago in the Period of
26、the Warring States(475-221 B.C.),when chonglou(layered houses)was mentioned in historical records.Ancient buildings with more than one storey were meant for a variety of uses.The smaller two-storeyed buildings of private homes generally has the owners study or bedroom upstairs.The more magnificent o
27、nes built in parks or at scenic spots were belvederes from which to enjoy the distant scenery.In this case,it is sometimes translated as a tower.A Tang Dynasty poet upon his visit to a famous riverside tower composed a poem,two lines of which are still frequently quoted To look far into the distance
28、,go up yet one more storey.2020/12/244New words Excavate 5ekskEveitv.挖掘,开凿,挖出,挖空 Loess 5lEuis n.黄土 Lofty 5lC(:)ftiadj.高高的,崇高的,高傲的,高级的 Prop prCpn.支持者,倚靠人,道具,螺旋桨 vt.支撑,维持prop up v.支撑,支持 prop up v.支撑,支持2020/12/245Notes 1)make out of v.用.制造,理解,了解 see note 3 2)Ascribe Es5kraibvt.归因于,归咎于 ascribe to v.归于 s
29、ee note 5 3)note 9 to note 182020/12/246Den Residence(cave dwellings)2020/12/247Den Residences2020/12/248Nest Residences2020/12/249Pit Caves 2020/12/250Cliffside Cave Dwellings2020/12/251Cliffside Cave Dwellings2020/12/252Vaulted Cave Dwellings 2020/12/253Platform Houses 2020/12/254Platform Houses20
30、20/12/255Erlitou Ruins(Xia and Shang Dynasty)2020/12/256Erlitou Ruins(Xia and Shang Dynasty)2020/12/257Efanggong2020/12/2582020/12/259Invention of corbel brackets(Zhou Dynasty)2020/12/260Sui and Tang Dynasty 2020/12/261Sui and Tang Dynasty 2020/12/262Sui and Tang Dynasty 2020/12/2632020/12/264Song D
31、ynasty 2020/12/2652020/12/2662020/12/267Song Dynasty 2020/12/2682020/12/269Yuan Dynasty2020/12/270Yong-Le Temple2020/12/271Yong-Le Temple2020/12/272Ming and Qin Dynasty2020/12/2732020/12/2742020/12/2752020/12/276Text B Courtyard Quadrangle;stream;cobblestone;cosmic;hierarchy;Topography;frilly;stable
32、;pasture;the master house;House placement;a boundary wall;villa;screen wall;2020/12/277Text B Courtyard The traditional domestic architecture of China has five major styles.There is the compound with a courtyard(si he yuan)to be seen in northern China,Farmers Caves(yao dong)in Northern Shaanxi Provi
33、nce and Earthen Buildings(tu lou)in southeast Chinas Fujian province,Stilt houses that may be on steep inclines or projecting over water(diao jiao lou)in southern China and the Seal-like Compound(yi ke yin)in Yunnan province.2020/12/278Dwelling houses As well as their respective features,traditional
34、 residences tend to conform to their environment and to become integrated with it.They are expected to blend with the surrounding rivers and mountains,thus complimenting but never spoiling the natural beauty.Our ancestors made use of local materials and took the natural factors into consideration wh
35、enever they built a house.2020/12/279Dwelling houses Anhui:Scales of tiles and white walls South of the Yangtze River:Peaceful families beside brook and small bridges Yunnan:Seal houses Fujian and Guangdong:The legend of the Hakka5hB:k5kB:(客家)people Jiangxi:White walls and blue tiles with interlocki
36、ng eaves Shaanxi:Cave dwellings Tibet:Charm of the plateau Sichuan:Houses projecting over the water2020/12/280Anhui:Scales of tiles and white walls2020/12/2812020/12/2822020/12/2832020/12/284Diaojiaolou(湘西掉角楼)2020/12/2852020/12/2862020/12/287Yunnan:Seal houses2020/12/288Yunnan:Seal houses A seal hou
37、se is square on a plane figure,with tiled roofs and tamped earth walls,and consists of main rooms,wing rooms and a small yard in the middle.Because there are usually three main rooms,four wing rooms and a small yard eight chi in length,it is conventionally called four-mains-two-wings with an eight-y
38、ard.2020/12/2892020/12/290housing2020/12/291housing2020/12/292housing2020/12/293Cave Dwellings(Shaanxi)In Chinese,the term(pronounced YAO-DONG)means an arched tunnel.The earliest yaodongs were caves dug into mountainsides.More recent versions are only partially 5pB:FElI部分地dug in;they can even be fre
39、e-standing.But all retain the signature arched front.2020/12/2942020/12/2952020/12/296Cave Dwellings(Shaanxi)Usually,one family unit consists of three arched openings,and the units are interconnected inside.The center cave can be termed the living room,which includes a stovetop cooking area.The two
40、side caves are sleeping quarters.2020/12/297Cave Dwellings(Shaanxi)2020/12/298pit dwellings people create sunken 凹陷的凹陷的courtyards.After digging a courtyard that is usually about 10 meters deep,rooms are dug off the main courtyard.A large sunken courtyard complex,or pit dwelling,can have a courtyard
41、as large as one hundred square meters.2020/12/2992020/12/21002020/12/21012020/12/2102Residence with quadrangle Courtyards2020/12/2103A quadrangle courtyard refers to an enclosure with rooms on four sides,each which is occupied by a unit of a few rooms.The four sides are linked by covered corridors.T
42、he enclosure is compact and cosy and is endowed with marked national style.In the past,one such courtyard accommodated a single household.The allocation of the rooms kept abreast with the feudal patriarchal codes;The principal rooms,usually facing the south,high-ceilinged and well-furnished,were occ
43、upied by the head of the household;the rooms along the east and west sides of the courtyard were for their off-springs;rooms for women were behind the principal rooms,and called Xiufang or Xiulou(boudoir or a womans bedroom);the rooms facing the north were generally used as the study The main entran
44、ce opened at the southeastern corner of the courtyard and the lavatory at the southwestern.The rooms facing the north were divided from the principal courtyard by a whitewashed wall on which a decorated gate opened so that the inner chambers for womenfolk were alleged to be cut off from outside intr
45、usion.2020/12/2104housing2020/12/2105housing2020/12/2106The quadrangle courtyards are divided into large,medium,and small ones in scale.When two side-courtyards are arranged on both sides of the principal one and all the courtyards are linked by covered corridors or screens,a medium-scale quadrangle
46、 is formed.If developed on both sides and in depth at the same time,the result will be a large-scale quadrangle.A large-scale quadrangle has a few layers of courtyards on the axis and side-courtyards on both sides,as well as installations like the ancestral hall,the stable,and rooms for servants.It
47、is comprised of banquet halls,drawing rooms,studies,and bed chambers etc.Many of such top-class residences can be found in Beijing.2020/12/2107New Words 1)quadrangle kwC5drANln.四角形,四边形,方院,方庭 2)composition kCmpE5ziFEn n.写作,作文,成分,合成物 3)sooty 5sutiadj.煤烟熏黑的,乌黑的 4)tribal 5traibEladj.部落的,种族的 5)cast kB:st
48、n.投掷,铸件,脱落物,一瞥,演员表 v.投,抛,投射,浇铸,计算,派(角色)2020/12/2108Notes Shadow:The dark shape made by the shade of sth is shadow.是指某物shade构成的阴影。Shade:is a place sheltered from the sun.指遮住了太阳的任何地方。In the shade 在背阴处。They were sitting in the shade of the tree.Shade 有时指夜色。The shade of the evening were falling fast.2020/12/21092020/12/21102020/12/2111
