1、 上海市上海市 16 区（区（15 份）份）2020 届高三英语一模概要写作（届高三英语一模概要写作（Summary）汇编）汇编 01. 黄浦区黄浦区 Online “friends” a threat to development The impact of technology on the nature of our friendships has been a much-debated topic since the dramatic rise of social networks. Advances in mobile technology and social networking
2、 websites mean we spend more time online than ever before. It is therefore not surprising that so many psychologists, sociologists, and others are eager to give their thoughts on how this is impacting negatively on our society. There is one element of social networking that is deeply worrying. We fi
3、nd ourselves in a hyper-connected world where people access social media day and night, excited to make announcements about the tiniest details of their lives. Research is starting to show that this culture is negatively affecting not our friendships but our character. Professor Larry D. Rosen says
4、that young people who overuse social networking sites can become ineffective, aggressive, and display anti-social behavior in their offline lives. But perhaps an even more disturbing effect is that one of our most basic emotions seems to be disappearingempathy. This is the emotion that allows us to
5、see the world from our friends points of view. Without it, we are far less able to connect and form meaningful adult relationships. Professor Sherry Turkle suggests that people are no longer comfortable being alone. This is something confirmed by a study where 200 university students were asked to g
6、o without social media for 24 hours. Many admitted an addiction to their online social network; most complained that they felt cut off from family and friends. And yet being alone is a time when we self-reflect and get in touch with who we really are. It is only when we do this that we can make mean
7、ingful friendships with others. These potential changes in our characters are rather alarming, so it is clear that we cant neglect those negative impacts of social networks. 答案：71.There is an increasing concern about social networks negative impact on our society. As young people are crazy about sha
8、ring life moments online, they may develop bad characters and lose empathy. Besides, people cant bear being alone, the lack of which makes them unable to self-reflect. So we should pay attention to those impacts. (54 words) 02. 宝山区宝山区 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main id
9、ea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. People choose to become entrepreneurs (创业者) for a wide variety of reasons. One important reason is, of course, financial reward. If you own your own business and it becomes successful, you can re
10、ap huge financial rewards. And as an entrepreneur, dependent on how much your boss decides to give you; its limited only by the success of your business. And speaking of bosses, not having a supervisor is another major advantage of becoming an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are often independent thinke
11、rs who want to be in charge of projects, rather than having others tell them what to do. They often have big dreams that they want to pursue rather than making someone elses dream come true. For many entrepreneurs, starting a business is a way of solving a problem or helping people receive something
12、 they need. Its a way to change the world for the better. Being an entrepreneur isnt easy, however, nor is it always fun. Entrepreneurs often have to work long hours, especially early on when theyre trying to get their businesses off the ground. Thats the reason entrepreneurs need to have a strong w
13、ork ethic (伦理). Employees can work 40 hours a week and then stop, but for an entrepreneur, theres no end in sight. Thats why another feature of successful entrepreneurs is passion; they have to be excited about what theyre doing to be willing to work hard for it. Entrepreneurs also need good communi
14、cation skills to pass on that passion to others. Thats important for finding investors, getting people to buy products and attracting employees. Entrepreneurs also need to be creative people who are able to find solutions to problems they encounter. This is important from the very beginning, when th
15、e entrepreneur comes up with an initial concept of a business. But even after that initial step, creative thinking is continually necessary to adapt to changing situations and to solve problems that come up. 答案：This passage is about the advantages and challenges of starting a business. On one hand,
16、a boss can get financial rewards and independence avoiding control from others. On the other hand, a boss must have passion for his own business, good communication skills and creative thinking, which can help him solve problems. （52w） 03. 崇明区崇明区 Giving Thanks This is the season for taking the time
17、to reflect on what were thankful for in life. Spending that time with friends and family to give thanks is what makes the holidays so special. But why should we limit it to just a few weeks in the years? Gratitude is a muscle we should strengthen year-round to make us healthier, happier humans and l
18、eaders. Emmons, through his research, found that grateful people reported feeling healthier, both mentally and physically. Specifically, those who were grateful were 25 percent happier than those who werent. In the workplace, well-being is a crucial topic when it comes to preventing employee burn-ou
19、t and promoting engagement. Beyond the research that shows that employees who are shown that they are appreciated are more productive by 50 percent, caring for your employees well-being is simply the right thing to do. Providing programs that support managing lifes everyday challenges, offering fitn
20、ess classes or implementing flexible work schedules are just a few things that, when paired with gratitude, can lead to more productive, engaged and happier working professionals. Working in an ever-evolving, fast-paced industry, I am surrounded by ambitious people who are always striving for more a
21、nd better. Gratitude challenges you to reflect in the moment instead of always thinking about the future. It starts by paying attention to whats going on in your life, and that true self-awareness is a key ingredient to being successful in your career. Gratitude is a powerful tool for strengthening
22、relationships, both at work and in your personal life. People who express their gratitude tend to be more willing to forgive others and therefore able to create long-lasting connections. The old saying goes Its never too late to say youre sorry, but the same is true of gratitude. Thats a gift worth
23、celebrating 365 days a year. 答案： We should show gratitude year-round as it is beneficial to both our personal and professional life. First, it helps our physical and mental health and makes us happier, thus promoting production at work. Second, it makes us more self-aware, which can contribute to ca
24、reer success. Lastly, it makes us more likely to forgive others and helps build strong relationships. (59 words) 04. 松江区松江区 It goes without saying that the language spoken by the majority of British people has the same name as the language spoken by most citizens of the U.S.A. Nonetheless, quite apa
25、rt from well-documented lexical (词汇的) differences pavement/sidewalk, lift/elevator, etc. there are still some words and phrases which can cause confusion and misunderstanding between speakers of the two different forms. Thats why some people say that Great Britain and the United States are nations s
26、eparated by a common language. There are practical reasons for this. When the first English settlers arrived in what we now call America, the language they spoke was naturally the same as that spoken by their compatriots (同胞) on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they immediately saw thi
27、ngs which didnt exist in Europe, often items used and made by Native Americans, such as canoes and moccasins and creatures such as buffalo. They also picked up words which they heard being used by other European immigrants. The word boss, for example, was used by settlers from Holland in New York in
28、 the mid-17th century. It comes from the Dutch word baas, which means master. The word cookie also comes from the Dutch koekje. There are many words, phrases and even grammatical structures which are mistaken for Americanisms (美式英语 用语) in Britain when they are nothing of the sort. Very often, they r
29、epresent not an American import, but an original form of British English which has disappeared in Britain. The verbs guess meaning think and loan meaning lend and the adjective mad meaning angry are frequently criticized as Americanisms, yet they all appeared in British English hundreds of years ago
30、. In the case of loan, it was used as long ago as 1,200 years! In fact, English spoken in the UK has changed so thoroughly in the last 500 years that American English now represents the last place where some original British English forms can be found. 答案：Although American English and British Englis
31、h are the same language, there are great differences. Two reasons account for the phenomenon. New words were created after the first English settlers in America saw new things and learned words from other Europeans. Additionally, some original expressions have been changed by British people while th
32、ey are still being used by Americans. 05. 虹口区虹口区 The Zeigarnik Effect Have you ever found yourself thinking about a partially finished project for school or work when you were trying to focus on other things? Or perhaps you wondered what would happen next in your favorite TV show or film series. If
33、you have, youve experienced the Zeigarnik effect. You tend to remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks. Knowledge of the Zeigarnik effect can be put into use in everyday life. The effect is especially well suited for helping overcome procrastination or delaying an action to a later time.
34、 We often put off big tasks that seem overwhelming. However, the Zeigarnik effect suggests that the key to overcoming procrastination is to just get started. The first step could be something small and seemingly insignificant. In fact, its probably best if its something fairly easy. The Zeigarnik ef
35、fect can be useful for students who are studying for an exam. The effect tells us that breaking up study periods can actually improve recall. So instead of cramming for an exam all in one sitting, breaks should be scheduled in which the student focuses on something else. This will cause intrusive(侵入
36、的) thoughts, enabling students to rehearse and consolidate the information that must be remembered, leading to better recall when they take the exam. The Zeigarnik effect also points to reasons why people may experience mental health problems. If an individual leaves important tasks incomplete, the
37、intrusive thoughts that result can lead to stress, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, and emotional distress. Conversely, completing a task can give an individual a sense of accomplishment and lead to a feeling of closure that can improve psychological well-being. The Zeigarnik effect can actually be use
38、d to positively impact your work productivity. 答案：The Zeigarnik effect, the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than complete ones, is useful in daily life. Firstly, it can keep people from putting off things when they start with a small step. Besides, it encourages breaks in students study
39、, thus improving recall in exams. Thirdly, it promotes mental health by providing the motivation needed to finish tasks. (59 words) 06. 徐汇区徐汇区 The Decline of Biodiversity Biodiversity is the range of living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in biodive
40、rsity. Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140,000 species of plants are lost each year. Most of the extinctions in the last thousand years are due to humans. The main cause is the chopping down of tropical rain forests. Most of this
41、destruction is done to create pasture (牧场) for beef cattle. Many rainforests in Central and South America have been burnt down to make way for cattle farming, which supplies beef to the rest of the world. It is estimated that for each pound of beef produced, 200 square feet of rainforest are destroy
42、ed. The forests are also cut down to make wheat for bread as well as fruit for human consumption. The introduction of exotic (外来的) species is another threat. The latest research from the University of Southampton has revealed the impact of exotic species upon native wildlife, which could potentially
43、 lead to the extinctions of local species. When exotic species are introduced to a place, they try to establish a self-sustaining population. While the local species, which havent had a chance to evolve, often lack defenses and thus cannot compete against the exotic species. The disappearance of cer
44、tain food animals can be disastrous not only to larger animals but also to the entire ecosystem. It is these small creatures which convert much of the energy in an ecosystem from unusable (i.e. microscopic plants, decaying matter, etc.) into usable forms, namely their bodies. Their absence makes mos
45、t energy and nutrients trapped in forms unusable to other species. This makes the environment less suitable for healthy living, and less capable of producing resources that humans need. 答案：Biodiversity is declining fast. One major reason is that people cut down tropical rain forests to raise cattle
46、for beef or to grow food. Another reason is that some local species may extinct because they cannot compete with exotic species. The disappearance of certain species can do great harm to the ecosystem and environment.（54 words） 07. 嘉定区嘉定区 Most of us even those at the top struggle with public-speakin
47、g anxiety. When I ask my clients what makes them nervous, invariably they respond with the same answers: I dont like being watched, I dont like the eyes on me or I dont like being in the spotlight. To understand why, we need to go way back to prehistoric times, when humans regarded eyes watching us
48、as an existential threat. Those eyes were likely predators (肉食动物) and people were terrified of being eaten alive. The bad news is that our brains have transferred the ancient fear of being watched into public speaking. In other words, public-speaking anxiety is in our DNA. Fortunately, there is a so
49、lution: human generosity. The key to disarming our panic button is to turn the focus away from ourselves and toward helping the audience. Studies have shown that an increase in generosity indeed leads to a decrease in amygdala (扁桃腺) activity, which is responsible for our panic feeling in the brain. When we are kind to others, we overcome the sense of being under attack and start to feel less nervous. Adm
