1、小升初语法讲义-名词、冠词知识精要1. 名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法;2.名词所有格的变化及其用法;第一讲:名词的分类与名词的数一、名词的意义是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。我们通常称为名词。例如:teacher,desk,Japanese, milk等。二、名词的分类总的来说,英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。1、专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。例如:Lucy,Shanghai,the Communist Party of China,the United States等。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。2、普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或表示一个抽象概念
2、的名称的名词。例如:worker,boy,machine等。普通名词又可分为以下四类:(1)个体名词:表示个体的人或事物的名词。例如:cup, desk, student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(2)集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。例class, team, family等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。例如:rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词:表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。例如:love, work, life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。三、名词的数(一) 可数名
3、词的复数形式的构成规则1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s,如:book -books, pencil-pencils. 2. 以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es,其读音为iz。如:bus-buses, box- boxes, watch -watches, dish- dishes等。3. 以-y结尾的名词:(1) 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,把y改为i再加es,读音为iz,如:factory -factories, company -companies等。(2) 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾,直接在词尾加-s,读音为z。如:key- keys, Henr
4、y- Henrys4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词:(1) 变-f或-fe为v再加-es,读音为vz。如:thief -thieves, wife-wives, half-halves等。(2) 直接在词尾加-s,如:roof- roofs,gulf- gulfs,chief -chiefs,proof -proofs等。(3) 两者均可。如:handkerchief -handkerchiefs或handkerchieves. 5. 以-o结尾的名词:(1) 以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es,读音为z如:hero -heroes, potato -potatoes, tomato-
5、tomatoes等。(二) 不规则名词的复数形式1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man -men, woman- women, tooth- teeth, foot -feet, mouse- mice, child -children等。2. 单复数形式相同。如:sheep, deer, fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等.3. 以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans, Asian
6、s, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。注意:Englishman -Englishmen, Frenchman- Frenchmen.4. 复合名词的复数形式:(1) 在词末加-(e)s,如:afternoons, housewives等。(2) 把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on (旁观者),passers-by (过路人)等。(3)由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如:man driver -men drivers, woman doctor -women doctors等。(三) 几种
7、特殊的复数形式的名词1. 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如:glasses (眼镜),shorts (短裤),mathematics (数学),physics (物理学),politics (政治学)等.2. 有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如:papers (文件),manners (礼貌),goods (货物),times (时代),conditions (环境;情况)等.3. 有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如:make friends with (与交朋友),shake hands with (与握手)等。(四) 不可数名词1. 物质名词和抽象名
8、词多为不可数名词。如:luggage, milk, rice, soup, water, money, meat等。注意:不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词,当数词大于1时,量词须变为复数。如:a piece of advice(一条建议) five pieces of advice (五条建议),a bag of rice (一袋大米) three bags of rice (三袋大米)。可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达.2. 不可数名词的转化(1) 物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如:glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻璃杯),tea (茶) two te
9、as (两杯茶),ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋).(2) 抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如:beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人),youth (青春) a youth (一个青年).(3) 表示具体事物的可数名词,用于表示抽象或物质意义是,便转化为不可数名词。如:a room (一个房间) room (空间),a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。【例题】Whats in the _?There are some _and _in them.A. photos, potatos, radios B. photos, potatoe
10、s, radiosC. photoes, potatos, radios D. photos, potatoes, radioes【解析】本题考查的是photo, potato, radio 这三个词的复数形式,photo应加-s, potato应加-es, radio应加-s, 故选B.【答案】B【即学即用】I want some _ for dinner.A. balls B. fish C. erasers D. CDs【答案】B【例题】I have _ to do this evening.A.a lot of works B. many work C. a lot of work D
11、. some works【解析】本题考查的是不可数名词,work为不可数名词,因此不能有复数形式,另外many不能修饰不可数名词。故选C。【答案】C 【即学即用】We havent any _in the fridge. Lets go and buy some coke and orange juice.A. Vegetables B. fruit C. drink D. food【答案】C同步练习一可数名词的复数规则变化1. map_ girl_ pen_ bag_car_2. bus_brush_watch_box_3. baby_ city_ country_4. hero_ pota
12、to_zoo_tomato_photo_5. knife_leaf_wolf_wife_ life_二 可数名词复数不规则变化6. child_foot_ tooth_ mouse_ man_ 三国人单复数变化7. German_Englishman_ Chinese_四单复数同形8. deer_ sheep_ yuan_参考答案:一:1.maps, girls, pens, bags, cars2.buses, brushes, watches, boxes3.babies, cities, countries4.heroes, potatoes, zoos, tomatoes, photo
13、s5.knives, leaves, wolves, wives, lives二:children, feet, teeth, mice, men三:Germans, Englishmen, Chinese四:deer, sheep, yuan第二讲:名词的所有格一、s 所有格的构成1. 表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在名词后加s,其构成形式如下:(1) 一般单数名词后加s.如:my brothers book,Jacks cat,the girls pen等.(2) 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只需在名词右上方加“”。如:girls,teachers等。注意:在不规则复数名词后
14、,要加s.如:womens clothes. (3) 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,以读音z结尾的,一般在名词右上方加“”,也可加s,其读音分别为z和iz。如:Dickens / Dickenss book.注意:若不以读音z结尾则仍用s.如:Rosss book.(4) 复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾s加在后面的名词之后。如:the President of the United Statess car美国总统的汽车。注意:当出现同位语时,s一般加在同位语后。如:This is my sister Marys bag. 这是我妹妹玛丽的包.(5) 如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加
15、s,如果不是共有的,两个名词都要加s.如:Tom and Peters room汤姆和彼得的房间 (共有) Toms and Peters rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间 (不共有) (6) 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上s代表全称。如:at the doctors = at the doctors office在诊所(7) 在one及one / body和some,any,no,every结合起来的复合词后。如:someones book.这些代词和else连用,s应加在else后。如:somebody elses pencil. 2. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生
16、命的名词,也可以在词尾后加s或“”以构成所有格。如:todays news,ten minutes drive,Chinas industry等。二、“of +名词”所有格无生命的名词的所有格,通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如:the windows of the room(房间的窗户),the cover of the dictionary(词典的封面)。三、双重所有格1. 双重所有格的概念及用法(1) 表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如:a,an,one,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等.This is a picture
17、 of mine. 这是我的一张照片。(2) 双重所有格与of 所有格的不同。如:He is a friend of your fathers. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个) He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他是你父亲的好友) 同步练习一用所给词的适当形式填空1.March 8th is _Day. (woman).2.Taking twenty _(分钟) exercise every day is good for your health.3.The shop sells _(妇女) handbags. 4.Tea
18、chers in western countries have a _(三个月的) holiday in a year.5.Ill give my English teacher a card for _Day. (teacher)6.Its only ten _walk from the station to the hotel. (minute)7.Its an _(hour) ride from here to the museum.8. Thats my _(father) car. Its grey.二、根据括号内容完成句子1. This is _(我妹妹的语文书)2. _(双胞胎的
19、卧室) are very nice.3. _(Lucy和Lily的父亲) is a hotel manager.4. They are _(Peter 和Sam的老师).5. _(教师节) is on September 10th .6. _(学生们的桌椅) are very new.7. We are very happy on _(儿童节).8. He is in the_(老师的办公室) now.9. Please open _(教室的门).10. _(Kitty的鞋) are white.11. _( Alice和Ben的学校) is big and new.12. _(Tony哥哥的
20、电脑) is broken.13. Its _(妇女节) on March 8th.14. Are these _(男生们的书包) ?15. That is _(Tom和李雷的教室).参考答案一:womens, minutes, womans, three months, Teachers, minutes, hours, fathers二:参考答案:1. my sisters Chinese book.2. The twins bedrooms3. Lucy and Lilys father4. Peters and Sams teacher5. Teachers Day6. The stu
21、dents desks7. Childrens Day8. teachers office9. the door of the classroom10. Kittys shoes11. Alice and Bens school12. The computer of Tonys brother13. Womens Day14. boys schoolbags15. Tom and Li Leis classroom第三讲:冠词一、冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或事物,也可指说话双方心目中所默认的特定
22、的人或事物。二、不定冠词的用法不定冠词有两个,a 和 an。a用在辅音音标开头的单词前面;an用于以元音音标开头的单词前。如:a book, an apple。判断一个单词是元音音标开头还是辅音音标开头,是根据其读音,而不是根据其首字母。1在叙述时用于第一次提到某人或某物。This is a book. 这是一本书。2泛指人或事物的某一类别,以区别于其他种类。A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。3泛指某人或某物。A girl is waiting for you. 有个女孩在等你。4用在重量、长度、时间或变量单位的名词前,表示“一”这个数
23、量,相当于ever但数的概念没有one强烈。Take the medicine three times a day. 一天吃三次药。5用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵,一份,一类,一场”等。There will be a strong wind in South China. 在华南地区将有一股强风。Its a pleasure for me to work with you. 很高兴和你一起工作。6用于某些固定词组中。have a cold感冒have a good time玩得高兴 a few/ little/ bit 一点儿in a hurry匆忙for a while一会儿ke
24、ep a diary写日记do sb. a favor帮助某人 have a swim/ walk/talk/look/rest/drink= swim/ walk/talk/look/rest/drink游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/休息/喝点东西7、 用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 8.用在序数词前,表示“又一”,“再一”。三、 定冠词的用法1双方都知道的人或事物。Give me the book, please. 请给我那本书。2特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。Do you know the girl in red?你认识穿红色衣服的那个女孩吗?I
25、 have a book. The book is very interesting. 我有一本书。这本书很有趣。3表示世界上独一无二的事物。The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。4用在序数词、形容词或副词最高级前面,以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作用的比较级前。The first lesson is very easy. 第一课很简单。She is the most careful student in my class. 她是我们班最认真的学生。5用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩。The Greens are watching TV now.
26、格林一家人正在看电视。6用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。The orange is orange. 橘子是橙色的。7用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。the Great Wall长城the United States美国8与某些形容词连用表示一类人。The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。注:the与某些形容词连用, 使形容词名词化, 相当于复数的普通名词, 表示一类人。9用在表示方位或乐器名称的名词之前。I like playing the piano. 我喜欢弹钢琴。10用在某些固定词
27、组中。in the daytime在白天in the end最后all the time一直at the same time同时by the way顺便说in the open air在户外at the age of在岁时at the beginning of 在开始时on the other side of 在的另一边in the middle of在中间at the moment立刻,马上四、 不用冠词(用零冠词)的情况1不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时。Man cant live without water. 没有水人不能活。Horses are domestic animals. 马是一种
28、畜类。2某些专有名词,如人名、地名、国名、物质名词、抽象名词表泛指时前面用零冠词。China is a great country. 中国是一个伟大的国家。Mary lives in New York. 玛丽住在纽约。3名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时,用零冠词。Every student likes English in our class. 我们班每个学生都喜欢英语。4在节日、日期、星期、月份、季节等前面用零冠词。但若特指某年的某个月份或某个季节,需要在月份、季节前加the。June 1st is Childrens Day. 六月一日是儿童节。Spring co
29、mes after winter. 冬季之后是春季。The winter in 2008 was very cold. 2008年的冬天非常冷。5在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。This is Professor Li. 这是李教授。6在三餐、球类运动及学科名词之前。I went to school without breakfast this morning. 今天早上我没吃早饭就去上学了。We all like English. 我们都喜欢英语。7在“专有名词普通名词”构成的表示街名、路名、山名等名词词组前。Nanjing Road南京路Hainan Island海南岛 8. 用在与by连用的交
30、通工具前by car乘小汽车9在某些固定词组或习惯用语中。day and night日夜face to face面对面side by side肩并肩step by step一步一步watch TV看电视at school/work/home在学校/在工作/在家at first/last首先/最后in trouble在困境中in danger在危险中on foot步行on duty/watch值日/值班on time准时in time及时in bed卧病在床go to school/work去上学/去工作同步练习一、冠词填空1.There is _picture of _ elephant on
31、 _ wall2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _hour3 _elephant is much heavier than _ horse4 _doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _day5Lets go out for _ walk6Its too hotOpen _ door,please7There is _ woman over there _woman is Meimeis mother8 _sun rises in _ east9 _Changjiang River is _ lon
32、gest river in _ China10Are you going to do it _ second time?11Washington is _ capital of _ USA12 _Turners are living at the end of _Turner Street13He joined the army in _ spring of _199514_old man is _teacherHe likes playing _basketball after _ supper15After I had _ quick breakfast,I hurried to scho
33、ol二、选择填空1Does Jim have _ruler? Yes,he has _ Aan;some Ba;one Ca; Dany;one2There is _ old bike _old bike is Mr Zhaos Aan ;The Bthe;An Ca;The Dthe;The 3 _apple a day keeps the doctors away AThe BA CAn DTwo 4How many books do you have? I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa;an Ba;one Cone;an Done;one5At t
34、hat time Tom was _one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D6 _tiger is _ China AThe;a BA;the CThe;from DThe;the7We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe;the Bthe; Ca; D;8 _useful book it is! AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat 9One afternoon he found _handbagThere was _“s”on the corner of _ handbagAa;an;the Ba;a;the Can;a
35、n;an Dthe;a;a10 _old lady with white hair spoke _ English well at _meeting AAn;an;a BThe;an CThe;a DThe;the一、冠词填空1a;an;the 2a;an。3An;a 4The;the;a。 5a。 6the 7a;The。8The;the。 9The;the,。 10a。 11the;the。 12The;。 13the;。 14The a;。 15a。二、选择1B。第一空是泛指;第二空的one是不定代词,用以替代前面的ruler。2A 3C。这是一句谚语,意思是“一天吃一个苹果,用不着看医
36、生。” 4C。one强调数量,用以回答“Howmany?”问句;第二个空是泛指,故用an。5A。one虽以元音字母开头,但以辅音音素w开头,故填a。6C。此句意为:“这只老虎来自中国。” 7B。在“太阳、月亮、地球”的前面一般都加定冠词the;at night“在夜晚”,注意该短语中没有冠词。8?C 9A。“s”虽为辅音字母,但却以元音音素e开头,故填an。10D。第一个空填the,是特指那个“白发老太太”;第二个空不填冠词,是因为在语言名称前面一般不加冠词。English后面如有language,就得说the English language。“在会议上”应为at the meeting。单
37、元过关一、用所给的单词的复数的正确形式填空。1. These friends come from many _ (country). 2. There are fifty _ (state) in America.3. How many _ (radio) are there on the shelf.4. She has saved many peoples_ (life).5. The little baby only has two _ .(tooth)二、用冠词填空。1. What are you going to do at _weekend.2. Its cool in_ autu
38、mn.3. There is _ interesting picture on _ wall.4. Jenny found _ wallet lying on _ground. _ wallet was Mr. Blacks.5. Which is _ biggest, _ sun, _ moon, or _ earth?三、完型填空One morning our English teacher was ill and Miss Li, a new 1, gave us a lesson instead. When the 2 rang, she came in and the class b
39、egan. Just then, Li Lei, a boy who was 3late for school, ran to the 4 and asked, “May I come in?”Miss Li was speaking and didnt hear 5. After a moment, she saw the boy 6at the door and went over to him. “Who are you looking 7?”She asked. We all 8. Miss Lis face turned red and looked at us in surpris
40、e. At that moment a student 9up and said that the boy was in that class. 10 she heard this, Miss Li laughed, too.1. A. doctorB. teacherC. friend D. student2. A. clock B. phone C. watch D. bell3. A. often B. also C. too D. nearly4. A. desk B. classroom C. teacherD. blackboard 5. A. us B. hers C. himD. them6. A. standing B. sittingC. walking D. writing7. A. after B. inC. over D. for 8. A. criedB. left C. laughedD. listened9. A. put B. stoodC. lookedD. rang10. A. If B. UntilC. When D. Before4.习文练笔题目要求今年五一假期,你