1、初中英语语法English Grammar语态 非谓语动词*第十一章 动词的语态（Voices）语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态1. 被动语态的构成 1) 被动语态的基本构成形式 主语+助动词be+过去分词2) 被动语态的时态被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现以do为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisare doneamisare being donehashave been done过去waswere donewaswere being donehad been done将来shallwill be donesh
2、allwill have been done过去将来shouldwould be doneshouldwould have been done3) 各种时态的被动语态 一般现在时的被动语态 e.g. The lights are usually turned on at 6:30. 一般过去时的被动语态 e.g. Our house was built in 1979. 一般将来时的被动语态 e.g. This question will be answered by our headmaster. 过去将来时的被动语态 e.g. I knew the room would be cleane
3、d. 现在进行时的被动语态 e.g. Your bicycle is being repaired now. 过去进行时的被动语态 e.g. The man was being questioned by the police. 现在完成时的被动语态 e.g. My car has been repaired. 过去完成时的被动语态 e.g. I heard she had already been sent to hospital.4) 带情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词e.g. This must be done as soon as possible.5) 有些短语动词的被动
4、语态有些短语动词，如“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”，其作用相当于及物动词，也可以由被动语态。在被动语态结构中，介词或副词不可丢掉，且其位置不变。e.g. My brothers child is taken care of by my mother.6) 含有两个宾语的被动语态在多数情况下，把间接宾语变为主语，而把直接宾语保留下来。 e.g. She was told a long story.7) 含有复合宾语的被动语态把宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语 e.g. The child was named Tom.2. 主动语态变被动语态1) 两种语态结构对比（箭头
5、表示动作方向）宾语（动作承受者）谓语（及物动词）主语（动作发出者） 主动语态 e.g. He wrote the letter.宾语（动作发出者）谓语（be+过去分词）主语（动作承受者）被动语态 e.g. The letter was written by him.2) 主动句变被动句的基本步骤 把主动句的宾语作为被动句的主语 把主动句的谓语改为“be+该动词的过去分词”形式，做被动句的谓语，注意be要根据主语的人称、数和该句的时态要求保持一致 主动句的主语改为by的宾语，有时可省略“by+主语”3) 主动句变被动句的基本句式 主动句：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语 e.g. We wi
6、ll do that experiment next time.被动句：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+过去分词+by+原主语e.g. That experiment will be done by us next time. 主动句：主语+短语动词+宾语 e.g. The nurse takes good care of us.被动句：主语（原宾语）+be+短语动词的过去分词形式+by+原主语e.g. We are taken good care of by the nurse. 主动句：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 e.g. We gave him some magazines
7、.被动句：主语(间接宾语)+be+过去分词+直接宾语主语(直接宾语)+be+过去分词+to(for)+间接宾语 e.g. He was given some magazines (by us). Some magazines were given to him (by us).【注】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句的主语 主动句：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 e.g. They chose Tom captain.被动句：主语（原宾语）+谓语+原宾语补足语e.g. Tom was chosen captain.【注】如主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后要加toe.g.
8、 I saw him go to the church.He was seen to go to the church.3. 被动语态的用法英语中，何时情况下才使用被动语态的举例1) 不知道动作的执行者，只知道承受者的情况 e.g. Silk is produced in Suzhou.2) 不必说出动作的执行者的情况 e.g. Such books are written for children.3) 需要突出和强调动作的承受者的情况 e.g. She is liked by everyone.【注】不及物动词没有被动语态，如：happen，take，please，disappear等e.
9、g. 这件事发生在1989年。（Wrong） This was happened in 1989.（Right） This happened in 1989.有些动词，如：have，feel，hold，become，rise，look，sound，seem等只能着眼于表示状态而不强调动作，一般不用于被动语态中。e.g. 树变绿了。（Wrong）The trees have been become green.（Right） The trees have become green.4. 被动语态和“连系动词+表语（过去分词）”的区别被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形
10、容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表示动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。 比较： This book was written last year. The glass was broken by my sister.这本书是去年写的。（被动语态） 玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态）This book was well written. The glass is broken.这本书写得很好。（系表结构） 玻璃杯破了。（系表结构）*结束【中考真题欣赏】【2010辽宁沈阳】5.Have you _ joined in a dragon boat race?Yes，I haveAnever Bsti
11、ll Cseldom Dever答案【解析】现在完成时，ever 曾经。句意：你曾经参加过龙周赛吗？故答案选D 【2010辽宁沈阳】7.Tomorrow theres a programme about our school on TV，then it _ by millions of peopleAwill see Bsaw Cwill be seen Dwas seen答案：C【解析】根据句意，此句应用被动语态，又本句是将来时，故答案选C。【2010辽宁沈阳】11Where _ you _ lunch?At homeThere was no school lunchAdid；have Ba
12、re；having Cwill；have Ddo；have答案：A【解析】根据答语，此句应该用一般过去时，故答案选A。【2010湖北襄樊】37-I the Great Wall next week-Have a good trip！A visit B visited C am visiting D have visited答案C【解析】next week 是将来时的时间状语，现在进行时表将来，故答案选。【2010湖北襄樊】38-I went to see you yesterday evening But you werent in Where were you then？-I _ a wal
13、k by the lake with my husbandA was having B am having C have had D have答案【解析】当两个一长一短的动作，在过去某时某地同时发生时，用过去进行时表示较长的动作，根据句意，故答案应选【2010湖北襄樊】39-What a dean and bright classroom， isnt it？-Yes，its always clean and bright because it every dayA cleans B cleaned C is cleaned D was cleaned答案C【解析】根据句意，教室干净整洁是因为它
14、每天被打扫，故用被动语态，又因every day是一般现在时的标志，故答案选。【2010山东东营】35. He to Dongying many times, so he knows every corner of it.A. went B. will go C. has gone D. has been 答案C【2010安徽省卷】47. - Why didnt you go to the cinema with us this afternoon?- I _ at the station for my uncle from Beijing.A. was waiting B. have wai
15、ted C. am waiting D. will wait答案： A【解析】动词时态。上句提供过去的语言环境：今天下午你为什么没和我们一起看电影啊，所以下句要用：我“一直在等”从北京来的我叔叔，因此用过去进行时。所以选答案A.【2010安徽省卷】44. - Are you going to the party?- No, because I _.A. have asked B. havent asked C. have been asked D. havent been asked答案： D【解析】被动语态。回答不去参加晚会是因为“我没有被邀请”，用被动语态，并且是否定式。所以选择答案D.【
16、2010安徽省卷】41. - Have you ever been to Shanghai, Mary?- Yes. I _ there for three clays with my parents last month.A. have gone B. have been C. went D. was答案： D【解析】动词时态。虽然上句使用完成时态问的，但是答语后有last month过去的时间状语，所以用过去时态；又加有for three days一段时间，所以不用短暂动词went而用was过去式。【2010河北省卷】44. I _ my clothes, and the phone ra
17、ng.A. wash B. washed C. am washing D. was washing答案：D【解析】过去进行时态的考查。句义为“当我在洗衣服的时候，电话铃响了”。其结构为“was/were+现在分词” 故选D。【2010河北省卷】41. My brother left school in 2005, and since then he _ in Beijing.A. lives B. lived C. will live D. has lived答案：D【解析】考查现在完成时态的用法。Since是现在完成时的标志，其结构为“have/has+过去分词”。 故选D。【2010河北省
18、卷】37. Hong Kong _ to be a good place for eating today.A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known答案：C【解析】被动语态。香港被认为是当今吃美食的好地方。被动语态的结构：be + 动词的过去分词。故选择：C.【2010河北省卷】38. This term _ over. The summer vacation is coming in two weeks.A. is B. was C. has been D. will be答案：D【解析】一般将来时态的考查。句义为“这学期即将结束。暑假在两星期之后就
19、要到来。”in two weeks是一般将来时态的标志。故选择：D.【2010河北省卷】39. I _ a mistake. Please dont be angry with me.A. make B. made C. will make D. had made答案：B【解析】考查一般过去式的用法。句义为“我犯了一个错误，请不要和我生气”。答案D为过去完成时态，故选择：B。【2010河北省卷】36. Everyone _ I come from Sichuan. Actually, I come from Shandong.A. find B. think C. finds D. think
20、s答案：D【解析】动词时态用法。everyone意为“每个人”，其动词形式应为动词的第三人称单数形式，可排除A,B。find意为“发现”， think意为“认为”，根据句意应选D。【2010湖北武汉】26. Mike is from America. He _ English.A. spoke B. will speak C. speaks D. had spoken答案：C【解析】动词时态。句意：迈克来自美国。他说英语。此题叙述的是一般情况，所以从句意可知应该用一般现在时，又主语为he，第三人称单数，所以选C。【2010湖北武汉】27. -When _ you _ to learn to s
21、kate?-Five years ago.A. do; start B. will; start C. had; started D. did; start答案：D【解析】动词时态。句意：你什么时候开始学溜冰的？五年前。从答语中可知谈论的是过去时态，所以本题应当用一般过去时，故答案为D。【2010湖北武汉】28. Where are you going for your holiday?-Well, we _ yet.A. havent decided B. hadnt decided C. dont decide D. didnt decide答案：A【解析】动词时态。句意：你们要去哪里度假
22、？哦，沃我们还没决定呢。从答语可知，谈论的是过去的事，但是对现在也造成了一定的影响，“还没决定”，答语为现在完成时，故选A。【2010福建晋江】34.-Hello! May I speak to Kate?-Sorry, she isnt here now. She _to Shanghai.A. went B. has been C. has gone答案：C【解析】动词时态。根据对话内容可知，“凯特现在不在家，她去上海了”，强调她现在不在这里。故选择：C。【2010福建晋江】36. I want to teach in Tibet when I graduate from the coll
23、ege.-Me too. Teachers _very much there.A. need B. are needing C. are needed答案：C【解析】被动语态。“教师是那里非常需要的”，主要强调老师是动作的承受者。被动语态的结构：be + 动词的过去分词。故选择C。【2010湖北咸宁】27. The 2010 Asian Sports Meet_this November in Guangzhou. Yes. I wish Chinese players will do well.A. will be held B. have been held C. was to be he
24、ld D. would be held答案：A 【解析】时态与语态的用法。2010年亚运会中考时还未召开，所以要用将来时态；物做主语，用被动语态，亚运会是被召开，所以用将来时态的被动语态，因此选择答案A.【2010湖北咸宁】30. Could I clean the bedroom for you? No, thanks. I_it myself.A. cleaned B. have cleaned C. was cleaning D. had cleaned答案：B 【解析】动词的时态。句子意思是：我能为你打扫卧室吗？不用了，我已经自己打扫过了。已经打扫过对现在的影响是不用扫了，这是现在完成
25、时态的用法，所以选择答案B.【2010黑龙江哈尔滨】26Great changes have taken place since we _ ETimesAnd the computer is widely used throughout the worldAentered Bwill enter Chave entered答案：A【解析】本题考查时态。根据前面的完成时态可以看出是since 的句式：现在完成时+ since + 一般过去时，本题的意思是：自从电子邮件时代的到来，发生了巨大的变化。电脑被广泛应用于世界各地。*2010结束【2011河南省】25. I called you at 4
26、:00 yesterday afternoon, but no one answered.Sorry, I _ with my friends at that time.A. swim B. swam C. will swim D, was swimming【.答案】：D。考查动词时态。首句说：我昨天下午4点钟给你打电话，但是没人接。下句显然是要告诉对方当时正在做什么，故用过去进行。句意：，我当时和我的朋友们在一起。【2011河南省】33. Excuse me, where is Mr. Browns office?Sorry, I dont know. I_ here for only a
27、few days.A. work B. worked C. have worked D. will work【.答案：】C。考查动词时态及情景交际。句意：。我在这儿才几天【2011黑龙江绥化市】14.Where is Bob?He_to Harbin for a meeting.A. went B. has been C. has gone答案：C【解析】词义辨析。have been to 指“去过”，have gone to 指“去了”， 即不在说话者所在地。根据句义，“他去哈尔滨参加会议”，所以选C。【2011黑龙江绥化市】24. Dont make so much noise. The
28、children_an English lesson.A. have B. are having C. were having答案：B【解析】时态考查。根据情境：不要闹动静，因为孩子们正在上英语课，故用现在进行时。【2011江苏徐州】8. I was very angry with Johnhe just_ when I spoke to him.A. isnt listening B. hasnt listened C. didnt listen D. wasnt listening答案：D【解析】考查动词的时态。句意“我生约翰的气，当我和你说话的时候，他就是不听。”过去进行时强调过去某时间
29、正在做的事情。【2011江苏徐州】13. Are you going to the bank, Laura?No, I _ to the bank already.A. have been B. have gone C. am going D. had been答案A【解析】考查动词时态的用法。由上句句意“你打算去银行吗？不。”和“already”推测他已经去过了，用现在完成时。Have/has been+地点意为“去过某地（已回来）”；have/has gone+地点意为“到某地去了（现在不在这儿）”。故选A。【2011内蒙古包头】22. Mr. Black is going to marr
30、y a girl he _ in Japan last year. A. meets B. metC. has metD. would meet【答案：】B【解析】本题考查过去分词做定语的用法。句意为“布莱克先生打算和他去年在日本结识的女孩结婚”。故选B。【2011四川资阳】27. So far this year, many new houses _ in Wenchuan with the help of the government.A. build B. are built C. will build D. have been built答案：D【解析】考查动词的时态。句中有So fa
31、r“到目前为止”，使用现在完成时态，故选D。【2011天津】36. My grandmother _ a lot of changes in Tianjin since she came here.Asees B. can see C. will see D. has seen答案：D 【解析】 动词的时态。 “Since，自从以来”是现在完成时的标志词，因此这句话用现在完成时。【2011乌鲁木齐】34.The meeting _by the time I got there yesterday.A. was on B. has been on C. had begun D. has begu
32、n【答案】C【解析】时态的考察 “我昨天到哪儿”是过去，“会议开始在我到哪儿之前”应是过去的过去。故用过去完成时。【2011广西柳州】43.You have found your lost umbrella, havent you?Yes. I _ it behind the door this afternoon.A. have found B. will find C. found答案C【解析】考查动词的时态。根据答语的句意：今天下午找到的。可知动作发生在过去，用一般过去时，故选C。【2011沈阳】10. Listen! The phone . Please go to answer it
33、.A. rings B. is ringing C. rang D. will ring答案：B【解析】动词时态的用法。句意：听，电话响了。请接一下。根据句意可以判断应该用现在进行时，故答案为B。【2011贵州毕节】28I many new friends since I came hereAmake Bmade Cwill make Dhave made解析：本题考查动词时态。since是现在完成时的时间状语标志，故答案选D。 【2011梧州】36. I met a good friend of mine while I on the street.A. walks B. walk C. w
34、as walking D. am walking【答案】C【解析】时态考察 “我在街上走的时候，突然碰到了我的一个好朋友。”遇见我的好朋友时，我正在街上走着，故应用过去进行时。【2011梧州】45. I dont know if Mr. Li _ to the party this evening.- I think he will come if he _ free.A. will come; is B. will come; will be C. comes; is D. comes; will be【答案】A【解析】从句时态的考察 本题考察if引导的从句时态的考察，第一个if引导的是宾语
35、从句，“李老师今晚是不是将参加我们的聚会”应用一般将来时；第二个if引导的是条件状语从句应“主将从现”。【2011贵州贵阳】39. Wheres your brother, Jane? Hes not in Guiyang these days. He_ Beijing.A. has gone to B. has been to C. had been to答案：A 【解析】 根据句意：你哥哥Jane在哪里？这些天他不在贵阳，他去了北京。Has gone to去了；has been to去过。故选A。【2011湖南湘西】25. Whats the best present you have e
36、ver _?A. received B. receives C. receiving答案：A 【解析】考查时态 构成完成时态用“have/has + 过去分词”，received是过去分词。【2011湖南湘西】30. What are you doing?Im _ TV.A. watching B. watches C. watched答案：A 【解析】考查时态 上句用进行时问，再用进行时回答，构成进行时用“be + 现在分词”，所以选择答案A.【2011沈阳】8. The computer is broken. it today?A. Will; repair B. Has; repaire
37、d C. Will; be repaired D. Has; been repaired答案：C【解析】动词时态的用法。根据句意：电脑坏了，它今天将会被修理吗？由句意可知应该用将来时态，故答案为C。【2011雅安】14. She _ this book for nearly three weeks.A. has borrowed B. has lent C. has bought D. has kept答案：D 【解析】考查延续性动词的用法。时间状语为：for nearly three weeks，用延续性动词。borrow，lend, buy均为非延续性动词，不能与一段时间连用。故选D。【2
38、011襄阳】35. - Why wont you go to the movie with me, Gina?- Because I it twice.A. see B. have seen C. saw D. will see【答案】B【解析】时态考察 看过电影两次在过去，对现在的影响是不去看电影。用现在完成时。【2011广东】31. Alan, its late. Why not go to bed? Jenny hasnt come back yet. I _ for her.A. waitedB. have waitedC. am waitingD. was waiting 答案： C
39、【解析】本题考查时态运用。由句意“艾伦，很晚了，为什么还不睡？”“詹妮还没有回来。 我_她”由语境分析，艾伦现在是正在等詹妮回来。应用现在进行时态。故选C。【2011四川德阳】9. It _ hard outside. You have to stay at home.A. rain B. is raining C. rained答案： B【解析】本题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“天正下着大雨，你必须呆在家里”。可知此句的时态为现在进行时。故选B。【2011四川德阳】17. Do you know who cleaned the blackboard, Tina?- Yes. John _.
40、A. do B. does C. did答案： C【解析】本题考查时态的运用。擦黑板是已经过去发生的动作。在回答时，也应用过去时态，应排除A、B，故选C。【2011四川德阳】22. If you _ your homework, you can go out to play football.A. finish B. will finish C. are finishing答案： A【解析】本题考查时态的运用。当if作为连词引导条件状语从句时，安表示“假如；如果”等，在复合句中如果主句用将来时，则if引导的状语从句用一般现在时。根据句意，排除B、C，故选A。【2011湖南永州】25. -Wheres your father, Tom? -He_ to Changsha.A. goes B. went C. has gone答案：C【解析】 本句应该用现在完成时，表示去了，不在说话人的地方，故选C。【2011湖南长沙】23. When I came back yesterday evening, my brother _ his homework. A is doing B. has done C. was doing 答案：C【解析】时态的用法。句意：当我昨天晚上到的时候，我的哥哥/弟弟正在
