1、 1 新人教版必修一新人教版必修一 Unit4 Natural disasters 语法和写作 定语从句（一）定语从句（一） （一）-关系代词的用法 在复合句中, 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系 副 词引导， 说明事物的具体信息， 从句位于被修饰词之后 。 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词, 引 导定语从句的词叫关系词， 关系词指代先行词， 并在定语从句中充当成分。 关系词有两种: 关 系代词 who, whom ,whose, that, which, as 和关系副词 when, where, why。 根据定语从句与先行词的关系， 可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和
2、非限制性定语从句。 一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要意思， 这种定语从句前面不用逗号隔开； 而非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说 明, 通常和主句用逗号隔开, 将从句去掉后句子的意思仍然完整，译成汉语时, 从句常单独 译成一句话，除了 that 和 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句，其他关系词的用法和限制性定 语从句关系词的用法相同。 关系代词的用法 一判断定语从句的关系代词的方法： 如果名词或代词后有一个句子， 并且该名词或代词在句子中充当成分， 则该句子就是定 语从句。主要按照以下三步来判断： 1.找准先行词（定语从句前的名词或代词）
3、。 2.把先行词还原到定语从句中，看充当什么成分。 3.根据先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分以及句意来选用适当的引导词。 如果先行词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，表语，则用关系代词，关系代词主要有 who, whom ,whose, that, which, as。 二关系代词的基本用法 2 指代 关系代词以及在定语从 句中充当的成分 例句 1.人 who(主语、宾语) whom(宾语) that(主语、宾语) The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist. （作 is speaking 的主语） 在会上讲话的人
4、是一位著名的科学家。 He who/that does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. （作 does not reach 的主语） 不到长城非好汉。 This is the famous scientist (who/whom/that) we visited last week. （作 visited 的宾语） 这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。 2.物 that(主语、宾语) which(主语、宾语) He finally worked out the problem which/ that puzzled him for a l
5、ong time. （作 puzzled 的主语） 他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。 The fish (that/which) we bought yesterday were not fresh. （作 bought 的宾语） 我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。 3.人的； 物的 whose(定语) They rushed over to help the man whose car broke down. （whose car=the mans car，作定语，修饰 car） 他们跑过去帮助那个汽车抛锚的人。 There is a mountain whose top is always cov
6、ered with snow.( whose top=the mountains top， 作定语， 修饰 top) 有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。 3 4.句子 （在非 限制性 定语从 句中） which(主语、宾语) as(主语、宾语) The weather turned out very good, which was more than we could expect. （which 指代“天气最后晴朗起来”，作 was 的主语） 天气最后晴朗起来，这是我们没有料到的。 As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a lon
7、g history . （As 指代“中国是一个有着悠久历史的美 丽国家”，作 knows 的宾语） 每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。 三关系代词易错点： 1.关系代词的 省略 关系代词在定语从 句中作主语时，不 可省略； 做宾语时， 在限制性定语从句 中可以省略，在非 限制性定语从句中 不可省略。 Is he the man who /that wants to see you?( 作 wants 的主 语不可省略) 他就是那个想见你的人吗？ Hangzhou is a beautiful city(that/which)I always want to visit.（在限制
8、性定语从句中作 visit 的宾语，可以省略） 杭州是我总想参观的一个美丽城市。 Hangzhou ,which I visited last week, is a beautiful city. （在非限制性定语从句中作 visited 的宾语，不可省略） 杭州是一个美丽的城市，我上周去参观过。 2.从句中代词 的重复多余 定语从句中的引导 词指代先行词，并 在从句中作成分， 从句中不能再出现 指代该先行词的代 The book that I read it yesterday is very interesting.（ ） The book that I read yesterday is
9、 very interesting.（） 我昨天读的那本书很有趣。 4 词。 This is the woman who I met her last time.（ ） This is the woman who I met last time. （） 这就是我上次遇见的妇女。 3.关系代词和 代词的误用 定语从句的引导词 要用关系代词，而 不能用一般代词。 This is the boy he told me a story yesterday. （ ） This is the boy who told me a story yesterday. （） 这就是昨天给我讲故事的男孩。 This
10、 is the boy his father is our headmaster. （ ） This is the boy whose father is our headmaster. （） 这就是这个男孩，他的爸爸是我们的校长。 4.what不引导 定语从句 定语从句中有关系 代词 that 和 which ，而没有 what ，what 可以 引导名词性从句。 All that we need is a supply of oil. (that 引导定语从句， 修饰先行词 all) What we need is a supply of oil. (what 引导主语从句) 我们需要的是
11、石油供应。 5.that 不引导 非限制性定 语从句（用逗 号隔开） 在非限制性定语从 句，不能用关系代 词 that。如果指代 “人”，用关系代词 who/ whom，指代 “物”，用关系代词 which。 The basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted lots of attention. 这位打算复出的篮球明星引 起了很多关注。 Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city. 中国的首都北京是座美丽的城市。 He has become a d
12、octor, which he wanted to be. 他成为了一名医生，这是他以前一直梦想的。 5 6.介词 +which/whom 先行词在从句中作 介词宾语，若介词 提前，指代物时， 只能用 which，不 用 that； 指代人 时，只能用 whom， 而不用 who。介词 不提前时，用 that/which, who /whom 都可以。 I have the book about which you are talking. = I have the book (that/ which) you are talking about. 我有你现在谈论的那本书。 The man w
13、ith whom I talked just now is from Beijing University. = The man( who / whom/that) I talked with just now is from Beijing University. 刚才和我谈话的那个人是从北京大学来的。 7.whose+n. = the+n +of which =of which +the+n. whose+n.可与 the+n +of which 互换，而且 of which 也可置于名 词之前，名词之前 必须有定冠词 the。 I live in the room whose windo
14、w faces south.( whose window=the rooms window) I live in the room the window of which / of which the window faces south.( the window of which= the window of the room) 我住在窗子朝南开的房间里。 8. 定语从句中的主谓一致: 关系代词在定语从句中做主语 时，定语从句的谓语通常与先行 词在人称和数上保持一致。 注意：当先行词为“one of +复数 名词” 时定语从句的谓语动词用 复数形式；当先行词为“the (only/very)
15、one of +复数名词” 时 定语从句的谓语动词用单数形 式。 He is a good student who likes to help others. 他是一个乐于助人的好学生。 They are good students who like to help others. 他们是乐于助人的好学生。 He is one of the students who were praised. 他是一个受到表扬的学生之一。 He is the one/ the only one of the students who was praised. 他是唯一一个受到表扬的学生。 6 三易混的关系代词
16、辨析： （一）that 和 which 1.用 that，不用 which 的情况 当先行词为不定代词： everything, anything, nothing, all, any, much, many, some, few, little, none 等或当先行词被 no, some, any, all, much, little 等词修 饰时，只能用 that。 To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。 Is there anything that I can do for
17、 you?有什么要我 做的事吗? He answered few questions that were asked by the reporters.他几乎没有回答记者提问的问题。 当先行词被 the only, the very, the same 等词修饰时。 Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们 只能这样了。 This is the very pen that I am looking for. 这正是我 找的钢笔。 He still lives in the same house that we visited ten years
18、ago. 他还住在十年前我们参观的同一座房 子里。 当先行词被序数词、形容 词最高级修饰时。 This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣 的书之一。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 当先行词中同时包括人 和物时。 Im going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited. 7
19、我要谈论一下我所访问的国家和人民。 当要避免与疑问词 which 重复时。 Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 那件体恤衫最适合我？ 2.用 which，不 用 that 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中 Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world. 全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。 介词提前时，不用 that， 而用 which， 介词不提前时， 用 that 和 which 都可。 This is the room in which my father
20、lived last year. = This is the room (that/ which) my father lived in last year. 这是我父亲去年居住过的房子。 （二）which 和 as（引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句内容） 1.位置上的区别： as 引导的从句可放在主句首、 句末或句中。而 which 引导的 从句只能放在主句之后。 As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The
21、earth turns around the sun, as /which is known to us all. 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。 2.语义的区别： as 有“正如”之意，因此主句和 从句语义一致，而 which 表示 “这一点” 在意义上相当于一 个并列句，可以用 and this 代 替，在语义上可以不一致。 Mike won the first prize, as was expected. 正如所料想的, 迈克获得了一等奖。 Mike won the first prize, which was not expected. 迈克获得了一等奖，这一点没被料想到。 8 四as
22、引导的定语从句的用法 （一）as 引导的定语从句 1. 在限制性定语从句中，先行词有 such, so, as, the same 修饰时， 引导词用 as。 比较： I have never read the book that you have talked about. 我从未读过你谈到的这本书。 I have never read such an interesting book as you have talked about. = I have never read so/ as interesting a book as you have talked about. 我从未读过像
23、你谈到的这样有趣的书。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，指代整个 主句内容。 As we know, she is a good teacher. 我们都知道她是一个好老师。 Lily, as we expected, won the first prize in the competition yesterday. 像我们所期望的那样, 莉莉在昨天的比赛中获得了 一等奖。 （二）易混句式辨析 1. such/ soas和 such/ sothat such/soas表“像这样 的”，用来引导定语从句（as This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift
24、.（作 lift 的宾语， 是定语从句） 9 在从句中充当主、宾或表语等） such/sothat表示“如此.以 致”，用来引导结果状语从句。 This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. （不缺成分， 是结果状语从句） 这是一块如此重的石头，没人能搬得动。 2. the sameas和 the samethat the sameas表示“类似的一 个，而不是同一个”（相似性） the samethat表示“同一个” （同一性） I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你的一样的手
25、表。（相似的，非同一个） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一个） 课堂练习课堂练习 一名言背诵 1.He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom. 千里之行,始于足下。 2.He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。 3.Nothing is too difficult to the man who will try. 世上无难事,只要肯登攀。 4.God helps those who help themselves.
26、 自助者天助之。 5.Not all that glitters is gold. 闪光的不都是金子。 二用正确的关系代词填空 1. The trees _ stand by the river were planted by us. 10 2. She never gives in to those _ have money. 3. This is the best film _ has been shown so far in the city. 4. February is the only month _ has fewer than 30 days. 5. My son made n
27、otes of everything _ he read. 6. Yesterday I met the teacher _ once taught us maths. 7. Will you show me the girl _ name is Wei Fang? 8. The tall girl _ is standing there is a friend of my elder sisters. 9.The foreigner _ visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 10 Please pass me the book _is lyi
28、ng on the table. 11. - Class, you should be thankful to those people _ helped and supported you. - We will. Miss Chen. 12. -Is this the new dictionary_ you got yesterday? -Yes. Now its very convenient for me to look up words. 13.-Do you know the student _got an A in the English exam? -Of course. She
29、 is my deskmate, Li Hong 14. I really like the family photo _ we took on my grandpas 80th birthday. 15. My grandparents like stories _ endings are happy. 16.Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist _ is leading a search to develop “sea rice”. 17.The teacher _I like best often encourages me to fight
30、 for my dream. 18. Jack likes being with the classmates _are outgoing and kind. 19. A kind of shared bike _is called bluegogo is getting more and more popular in Chengdu. 11 20. Tu Youyou is the woman _ used the plants special power to save millions of lives. 21.His parents wouldnt let him marry any
31、one _ family was poor. 22.It is the third time that she has won the race, _ has surprised us all. 23.Can you remember the scientist and his theory _ we have learned? 24.Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected. 25. _ is reported , the number of smokers ha
32、s dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 26. Yesterday Mr. Green went to his hometown and visited the old house in _ he was born. 27. The man, from_ I learned the news, is an engineer. 28. Do you like the weekly talk show The Readers on CCTV? SureIt s a great TV program _ purpose is to bring the ha
33、bit of reading back into the public. 29. Children _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 30. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. 三单项选择 1.-Qingdao is the most beautiful city _ Ive ever been to. -So it is. Many international
34、meetings are held there every year. A. that B. which C. what 2.-Have you watched the play “In the name of People” ? -Its the most popular play _our Partys trying to struggle against corruption（腐败）. 12 A. where; show B. which ;show C. that ;shows D. who ;shows 3.We are talking about the piano and the
35、 pianist _were in the concert last night. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 4.一 CCTV has produced a TV show-Chinese Poetry Competition. Have you seen it? 一 Sure. Wu Yishu, 16, _studies at the High School Affiliated to Fudan, is the winner. A. which B. where C. who D. whom 5. According to a survey, peo
36、ple _ are able to speak two languages can manage two things at the same time more easily. A. which B. whom C. whose D. who 6.She often parks her car near the house _ she can easily get to. A. where B. who C. which D. what 7.We should look up to those scientists sent Tianzhou-1 Cargo Spaceship to spa
37、ce. A. which B. who C. what 8. Id like to tell you about the table manners _ you should know when you visit France. A. which B. who C. what D. how 9.Roald Dahl was a great childrens writer. His dark past helped him paint a picture was different to most other writers. A. that B. who C. / D. whom 10.
38、What kind of movies do you prefer? I prefer the movies _ me something to think about. A. which give B. that gives C. that gives D. who gives 13 11. She is the girl _ brother is studying abroad . A. that B. who C. whose D. whom 12. Everyone _ is a server knows that customers always come first. A. who
39、m B. what C. who D. which 13. -Only You is a TV program _is popular with most young people.-Yes, it is definitely true. A. that B. whose C. what D. who 14. You are talented young adults_ full of hope for the future. A. who; is B. whom; is C. whom; are D. who; are 15. This is a heartwarming story abo
40、ut a boy_ saved his mothers life. A. which B. who C. whose D. whom 16. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which 17. Many children, parents are working in big cities, are taken good care of in t
41、he village A. their B. whose C. them D. whom 18. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 19. His movie won several awards at the film festival, was beyond his wildest dream. A. which B. that C. where D. it 20. She is one of th
42、e teachers _ much teaching experience. 14 A. who; has B. who; have C. whom; has D. whom; have 答案： 二1.that/which 2.who 3.that 4.that 5.that 6.who/that 7.whose 8.who/that 9.who /that 10. which/that 11. who 12. that/which 13. who/that 14. that/which 15. whose 16. who/that 17. who/whom/that 18. who/that
43、 19. that/which 20. who/that 21. whose 22.which 23. that 24. which 25. As 26.which 27. whom 28.whose 29. whose 30. which 三1-5 ACACD 6-10 CBAAA 11-15 CCADB 16-20 ABAAB 主题写作主题写作-自然灾害自然灾害 应用文写作 (满分 15 分) 假定你是李华，你校英语报社将举办主题为自然灾害的征文活动。请你给英国朋友 Alice 写一封邮件，邀请她参加。内容包括： 1. 说明缘由； 2. 请她介绍美国的自然灾害并谈谈影响、应对措施等； 3.
44、 告知征文的截稿日期。 注意：1. 词数 80 左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Alice, Our school English paper will hold an essay competition whose theme is Natural Disasters. Id like to invite you to take part in it. It is well-known that many natural disasters happen every year in America, causing great damage. You can int
45、roduce the main natural disasters, such as hurricanes and snowstorms and tell some common knowledge about them. For example, you can discuss how they happen, what harm 15 they may cause, and what you can do in the face of disasters. The measures you take may benefit us, as we also face many natural
46、disasters. The deadline is June 8th, 2019. Looking forward to your article. Yours, Li Hua 课后练习课后练习 一、语法填空 My name is Nora.I live in Moscow now,but I was born in Qingdao.We 1. (move) to Moscow four years ago when my dad got a new job here.I didnt want to leave China 2. I had a great life there.I had lots of friends and everyone got along well 3. each other.We had fun 4. (swim) almost every day after school.And the weather was always great.At first,I didnt like the life in Moscow when we arrived.It was still winter, 5. the weather wasnt very nice.It was 6. (real) col
