1、基本英语句子成分 Chelsea Chen 句子成分句子成分 定义定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成 分。句子成分有分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分； 主要成分主要成分：主语和谓语：主语和谓语 次要成分次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、 补足语、同位语补足语、同位语 1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 主主 语语 谓谓 语语 定定 语语 宾宾 语语 同同 位位 语语 状状 语语 4 句子是一棵大树主语、谓语、宾语（表语）是主干，定语、 状语、补语是
2、修饰语。 句子成句子成 分分 教 学 过 程 主语（主语（subject） 句子说明的人或事物句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词） （不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词）
3、（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词） （句子）（句子） 找出句中主语找出句中主语 The sun rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
4、 （名词）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词） （动名词）（动名词） （不定式）（不定式） （句子）（句子） (名词化的形容词）名词化的形容词） （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 谓语谓语 说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组成组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词; He can speak English well
5、. She doesnt seem to like dancing 动词 动词的分类-根据其构成动词词组中所起的作用 主动词的分类-根据其是否必须跟着补足成分以及必须跟 有什么样的补足成分 英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，分成不及物动英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，分成不及物动 词与和及物动词。词与和及物动词。 及物动词及物动词(vt.) ： 及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象 （即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。 如：如： He reached Paris . 不及物动词（不及物动词（vi. ）：不及物动词后不能：不及物动词后不能 直接跟有动作的对象
6、（即宾语）。若要直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要 跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。 如如: Look! She is singing. Look at me carefully! 类似的还有：类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed. 既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动 词，其意义不变。词，其意义不变。 如如begin 都是作“开始”讲。
7、都是作“开始”讲。 Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 类似的还有：类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve. 误：误：deal a problem 正：正：deal with a problem 处理问题处理问题 误：误：depend sb. 正：正：depend on sb. 依靠（依赖）某人依靠（依赖）某人 误：误：insist doing sth. 正：正：insist on d
8、oing sth. 坚持要做某事坚持要做某事 易误用作及物动词的易误用作及物动词的9个不及物动词：个不及物动词： 误：误：knock the door 正：正：knock on at the door 敲门敲门 误：误：operate sb. 正：正：operate on sb. 为某人做手术为某人做手术 误：误：participate sth. 正：正：participate in sth. 参加某事参加某事 误：误：refer sth. 正：正：refer to sth. 查阅（参考查阅（参考)某物某物 误：误：rely sb. / sth. 正：正：rely on sb. / sth.
9、依靠（依赖）某人依靠（依赖）某人 某物某物 误：误：reply a letter 正：正：reply to a letter 回信回信 1. No matter how much youve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _ the people heart and soul. A. serve B. serve for C. serve to D. serve on 2. The pupil _ his right hand, obviously hoping to _ to answe
10、r the teachers question. A. rose rise B. raised rise C. rose raise D. raised raise 系动词系动词 1）状态系动词状态系动词（be动词）动词） 例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词持续系动词 keep, remain, stay 例如：例如： He always kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。 3）表像系动词表像系动词 seem, appear, look, 例如：例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。他看起
11、来很累。 4）感官系动词感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。这种布手感很软。 5）变化系动词变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。自那之后，他疯了。 6）终止系动词终止系动词 prove, turn out, 表达表达“证实证实”，“变成变成”之意之意 例如：例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言
12、证实有假。这谣言证实有假。 注意：系动词不用于被动语态注意：系动词不用于被动语态. . Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ） ( 代词）代词） (数词数词) (名词化的形容词名词化的形容词) (
13、三三)宾语宾语 动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语 （不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词） （句子）（句子） 宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语. He gave me some books. 间接间接 宾语宾语 直接直接 宾语宾语 please pass me the book. He bought his girlfriend some flowers. b e It is _ . It is _ . It is _ . 请欣赏视频How is the weather?在空格处填写描 写天气的单词。 以上两句主语为It，is为
14、be动词,根据“表语是 用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状 态”可知，后面的形容词sunny, rainy和snowy 都是对主语it的描写，所以它们在句中是作表 语，而它们都跟在be动词的后面。 sunny rainy snowy 表 语 22 表语除了可以由形容词来充当，还可以由表语除了可以由形容词来充当，还可以由名词、代名词、代 词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的- -inging形式、副词、形式、副词、 介词短语介词短语、不定式不定式和和从句从句等来等来充当。充当。 The girl dancing in the street is Lily. The
15、door remained closed. 表身份作表语表身份作表语 表状态作表语表状态作表语 The reason why he went out was that he wanted to help Lily. 表特征作表语表特征作表语 由以上例2可知，表语不仅可以接在be动词的后 面，还可以接在其他系动词的后面。 （四）表语（四）表语 在在系动词系动词后的部分就是表语后的部分就是表语 1. The war was over. 2. They seem to know the truth. 3. Time is precious. 4. Im not quite myself today.
16、 5. That remains a puzzle. 6. I dont feel at ease. （五）定语（五）定语 修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel factory. There are 54students in our class. Do you know bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pills. His spoken language is good. (形容词形容词) (名词名词) (数词数词)
17、 (名词的所有格名词的所有格) (动名词动名词) (过去分词过去分词) 定语后置：定语后置： 如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。表示时，通常要前置。 而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置 The girl in red is his sister. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now? （六）状语（六）状语 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时
18、间、原因、目的、结果、 条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train. I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me
19、if it is necessary. This book is very interesting. I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. （六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾 语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足， 使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 ：
20、make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. She asked me to lend her a hand. 同位语同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old. He himself will do the experiment. He is the oldest among them four. He told me the news that our team won the game. 名词名词 代
21、词代词 数词数词 从句从句 1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 主主 语语 谓谓 语语 定定 语语 宾宾 语语 同同 位位 语语 状状 语语 句子成份练习句子成份练习 1、You should study hard. 2、The teacher got very angry. 3、The boy told me his story. 4、We elected him our monitor. 5、I told him to open the window. 6、We watched the train leaving th
22、e station. 状语状语 表语表语 间语间语+直宾直宾 宾语宾语+宾补宾补 宾语宾语+宾补宾补 宾语宾语+宾补宾补 基本句型 Chelsea Chen 1.主语 谓语 表语 n.; pron.(主格); V-ing; To do sth; 系动词 Pron.(名词性); 介词短语； n.; Adj.; That car is mine. She is in good health; My brother has become an engineer 2.主语 谓语 n.; pron.(主格); V-ing; To do sth; 不及物 动词 Everybody laughed. The
23、 guest have arrived. The children are sleeping. Everybody laughed at him. The guest have arrived at the school. The children are sleeping on the bed. 3.主语 谓语 宾语 n.; pron.(主格); V-ing; To do sth; 及物动 词 Pron.(宾格); n.; doing sth; to do sth I want a return ticket. 4.主语 谓语 宾语 n.; pron.(主格); V-ing; To do s
24、th; 及物动 词 Pron.(宾格) sb I sent him a book. Mary lent me her car. He showed me the way. 宾语 Pron.(宾格) sb Pron.(宾格) Sb 间接宾语 Pron.(宾格) Sth 直接宾语 5.主语 谓语 宾语 n.; pron.(主格); V-ing; To do sth; 及物动 词 Pron.(宾格) n. We made him our spokesman. They elected him president. He pronounced himself in favour of the plan
25、. They painted the walls creamy white. 宾补 Pron.(宾格) n.; 介词短语； Adj. 基本句型的转换与扩大 基本句型 的扩大 并列句 增加修饰成分 从句 非谓语和分词结构 并列句和分词结构 多个从句的镶嵌 句子种类两种句子种类两种分类法分类法-句子的转换句子的转换 1、按句子的用途可分四种：、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）陈述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do t
26、hey like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class. 4）感叹句）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、简单句、 并列句和并列句和复合句（句子的扩大）。复合句（句子的扩大）。 1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）：只有一个主语（或并列主语） 和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e
27、.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the newspapers. 2) 并列句并列句：由并列连词（：由并列连词（and, but, or等）等） 或分号（或分号（;）把）把两个或两个两个或两个以上的以上的简简 单句单句连在一起构成。连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折 的。 3）复合句复合句：含有：含有一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句的的 句子。复合句包含：句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句（主语（主语 从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从 句）、句）、定语从句定语从句和和状语从句状语从句等。等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
