读后续写与概要写作微技能六-运用衔接手段课件.ppt

1、概要写作的评分标准之一是“上下文的连贯性”，要求你有效地运用一定的衔接手段，使所写的句子连贯、流畅。在概要写作时，我们可以借用三种衔接手段使上下文连贯，即词汇衔接、逻辑衔接和语法衔接。微技能六运用衔接手段微技能六运用衔接手段词汇衔接指运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现和同一语义场词汇的共现等方法。如：job和doctor,teacher,translator为上义词与下义词的关系；learn,education和knowledge等为同一语义场词汇。逻辑衔接 指利用表逻辑关系的过渡词来衔接上下句的方法，如besides,however等。语法衔接常见的有替代和省略。替代是指用代词替代前

2、面相应的名词或名词性短语和句子，用助动词替代前面的动词和动词短语。省略是指为了表达简洁，在语境清楚的条件下，省去某个词句。常见的省略有蒙上省略，即省去上文已提到的词句；探下省略，即省去下文将提到的词句。1因果关系(1)显性因：because,becauseof,for,as,since,inthat,onaccountof,nowthat显性果：so,sothat,therefore,asaresult,thus,consequently,accordingly(2)隐性因果：导致(因果)：cause,reason,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,stimulate,fu

3、el,produce由而来(果因)：resultfrom,derivefrom,originatefrom反映，体现(果因)：reflect,present,demonstrate,suggest,imply2转折关系but,however,yet,although,though,eventhough,evenif,even,nevertheless,despite,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyway,anyhow,unfortunately,surprisingly3举例关系forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,namely,asyouk

4、now,like,suchas,acaseinpointis.,inparticular,including.,take.asanexample,asfor4条件关系if,onlyif,ifonly,unless,lest,otherwise,assoonas,aslongas,incase,supposethat,supposingthat,providedthat,providingthat5比较关系(1)相同点：similarly,inlikemanner,incomparisonwith,like.,likewise,similarlyimportant,inthesameway(2)

5、不同点：yet,still,rather,neither.nor,unlike,asopposedto,incontrast,onthecontrary,differentfromthis,nevertheless,contraryto6否定关系(1)显性否定：no,not,never,nor,none,neither(2)隐形否定：failto,refuse,remove，reject,lackof(3)否定前缀：a-，ab-，dis-，il-，im-，in-，non-，un-(4)双重否定：notfailto,notillegal,notuncommon,notunavailable7并列

6、关系and,also,or,neither.nor,either.or,notonly.butalso,aswellas,thesame.as,then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,whatismore,ononehand.ontheotherhand,foronething.foranother,one.another,some.others.stillothers8先后关系first,second,atlast,next,previously,eventually,lastbutnotleast,tobeginwith,tosta

7、rtwith,toendwith,finally,sincethen,firstofall,afterwards,followingthis9强调关系infact,especially,particularly,moreover,naturally,nottomention.,believeitornot,itiscertain/surethat.,definitely,undoubtedly,intruth,obviously10时间关系atonce,immediately,inthemeantime,meanwhile,atthesametime,intheend,then,soon,la

8、ter,atonce,atlast,finally,sometimeago,atpresent,allofasudden,fromnowon,fromtimetotime,sincethen,when,whenever,afewminuteslater,as,once,since,inamoment,shortly,previously【典例示范】Thesechangesonlybecamepossibleasmymemoryimproved.Firstitwasstoredintubes,thenontransistorsandlateronverysmallchips.AsaresultI

9、totallychangedmyshape.AsIhavegrownolderIhavealsogrownsmaller.Overtimemymemoryhasdevelopedsomuchthat,likeanelephant,IneverforgetanythingIhavebeentold!AndmymemorybecamesolargethatevenIcouldntbelieveit！作者运用了以下使上下文连贯的衔接词：词汇衔接词：memory,forget,changed,grown,developed逻辑衔接词：first,then,andlater,asaresult,as,a

10、nd,so.that.语法衔接词：these,it,I,my【即时演练】阅读下面短文，选用适当的衔接词完成概要写作。Theproductionofcoffeebeansishuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full-sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade-grownproductiontofull-sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcer

11、tainanimals,andevendisturbstheworldsecologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamagetotheforestsrequiredbyfull-sunfieldsaffectstheareasanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetreesflowersandfruits.Full-suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspecie

12、sarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel，thedestructionoftherainforestforfull-suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforestsplantandanimallife，andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition，newcoffee-growingtechniq

13、uesarepoisoningthewaterlocally，andeventuallytheworldsgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally，thecontinuedspreadoffull-suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworldsclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen-givingtreesalso

14、leadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidicsoilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade-growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahig

15、hercost.【选词填空】therefore/second/first/moreoverFull-sunproductionofcoffeebeanshascauseddamagetosomespecies,eventheecology.(要点1)_，itdestroysthehabitatsoflocalspecies,andevencausestheirextinction.(要点2)_，withwaterpoisonedandfewerspeciesformedicalresearch,peopleslifeisseverelyaffected.(要点3)_，Thedestructionoftherainforestecologyseemsinevitable,accompaniedbyairpollutionandglobalwarmingandsoon.(要点4)_，consumersareadvisedtobuyshade-growncoffeethoughitsmoreexpensive.(要点5)FirstSecondMoreoverTherefore