1、期末复习 语法篇 【教学目标】 1. 熟练掌握连词熟练掌握连词 unless，as soon as 和和 so.that 的用法。的用法。 2. 熟练掌握形容词和副词的比较级，最高级的用法。熟练掌握形容词和副词的比较级，最高级的用法。 3. 熟练掌握现在完成时的用法。熟练掌握现在完成时的用法。 【知识梳理】 语法专题一：语法专题一：连词连词 unless，as soon as 和和 so.that 语法解读：语法解读： 连词是一种虚词，不能充当一个句子成分，但可以起连接的作用。 l. unless 意为“除非；如果不”，用来引导条件状语从句，它常可以和 if.not 互换。unless 引导的
2、条 件 状语从句和状语从句和 if 引导的条引导的条件状语从句一样， 如果主句用一般将来时， 从句常用一般现在时， 即遵循 “主件状语从句一样， 如果主句用一般将来时， 从句常用一般现在时， 即遵循 “主 将从现”的原则。将从现”的原则。（考点）（考点）如: Unless you put on your raincoat ，youll get wet.= If you dont put on your raincoat,youll get wet. 除非你把雨衣穿上，不然你会淋湿的。 2. as soon as 意为“一，.就.”用来引导时间状语从句。若主句为一般将来时，从句通常用一般现若主句
3、为一般将来时，从句通常用一般现 在时表将来。在时表将来。如: （考点）（考点） As soon as he comes,Ill tell him the news. 他一来，我就会告诉他这则消息。 3. so.that.，意为“如此.以至于.”引导结果状语从句。so 是副词，后跟形容词或副词原级， 其结构为“so+ adj./adv.+that 从句”和“so+ adj.+ a/an+ 单数可数名词+ that 从句”。如: He ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him. 他跑得那么快以至于我赶不上他。 He is so good a man
4、that we all like him. 他是如此好的一个人，我们都喜欢他。 【例题回顾】【例题回顾】 1. There will be less pollution (unless /if) more people use public transportation. 2. Ill telephone you as soon as he (comes/will come). 参考答案：if，comes 语法专题二：语法专题二：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 语法解读：语法解读： 1. 比较极和最高级的构成 (1)规则变化 a. 一般在词尾直接加- er 或- es
5、t。如:tall- taller- tallest. b. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的单词的词尾直接加- r 或- st。如 nice- nicer- nicest c. 以辅音字母+y 结尾的词，把 y 变为 i,再加- er 成- est。如 heavy- heavier- heaviest d. 重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母，再加- er 或- est。如;big- bigger- biggest e. 部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成比较級和 most 构成最高级。如: beautiful- more beautiful- most beaut
6、iful。 (2)不规则变化见下表: 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 1. 比较级和最高级的用法 (1)原级的用法 a.very, quite,so,too 等只能修饰原级。如: He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。 b. 原级常用句型结构原级常用句型结构 b1.“A 十连系动词十连系动词/实义动词实义动词+as 十形
7、容词原级十形容词原级/副词原级副词原级+as+B”表”表 示“示“A 和和 B 程度相同”程度相同”。如: Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特一样大。 I can play soccer as well as you. 我的球踢得和你一样好。 2. b2. “A+ 连系动词连系动词 + not+ as/so+ 形容词原级形容词原级/副词原级副词原级+as+ B”或“”或“A+ 助动词助动词+not+ 实义动词实义动词 +as/so+ 形容形容词原级词原级/副词原级副词原级+as+B”表示“”表示“A 不如不如 B.”如”如: This room is not as /so
8、 big as that one. 这个房间不如那个房间大。 He doesnt walk as/so slowly as you. 他走路不像你这么慢。 (2)比较级的用法比较级的用法 比较级是两者之间的比较,并且必须是同类的比较。 a. 比较級前可加比较級前可加 much,a lot,far,a bit,a little,any,no,even,still 等词修饰。等词修饰。如: Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆看起来甚至比以前更年轻。 b. 比较级常用的句型结构 b1. “A+ 连系动词/实义动词十形容词比较级/副词比较级十 than+ B”
9、表示“A 比 B- - - ”。如: I got up earlier than my mother this morning. 今天早晨我起得比我妈妈还早。 b2. “A 十连系动词十连系动词/实义动词实义动词+ 形容词比较级形容词比较级/副词比较级副词比较级+ than+any other+单数名词十单数名词十(介词短语介词短语)” （易错点）（易错点）表示“A 比同一范围的任何一个人/物都. ”其含义为“A 最.”如: The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. =The Yangtze River is the
10、longest river in China. 长江比中国任何一条其他河流都长。 b3. “A+be+the+ 形容词比较级形容词比较级+of the two+.”表示“”表示“A 是两者中较是两者中较.的”。如的”。如: （易错点）（易错点） Look at the two boys.My brother is the taller of the two. 看那两个男孩。我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个。 b4. “比较级十“比较级十 and+比较级”表示“越来比较级”表示“越来.越越.”如”如: I hope our country is becoming stronger and strong
11、er. 我希望我们的国家变得越来越强大 b5. “the 十比较级十比较级,the+ 比较级”表示“越比较级”表示“越.越越.”如”如: （易考点）（易考点） The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make. 你越认真，犯的错误越少， b6. “特殊疑问词+be/实义动词十形容词比较级/副词比较級, AorB?”。如: Which is bigger,the earth or the moon? 哪一个更大，地球还是月球? Who draws better,Jenny or Danny? 谁画得比较好,珍妮还是丹尼? (3)最高級的
12、用法最高級的用法 最高级用于三者及三者以上的比较, 其前面有定冠词 the, 副词最高级前可省略 the。常见句 型结构如下， a. “主语+be+the 十形容词最高级+ 单数名词+in/of 短语”或“主语十实义动词+(the) 十 副词最高级+in/of 短语”表示“.中最.的”。表示的范围与主语是同类事物或同一范畴时用表示的范围与主语是同类事物或同一范畴时用 of, 否则用否则用 in。如。如: Tom is the tallest in his class/of all the students. 汤姆是他们班上/所有学生当中最高的。 I jump (the) farthest in
13、 my class, 我是我们班跳得最远的。 b. “主语+be+one of the 十形容词最高级十复数名词+in/of 短语”表示“.是.中最.之一”如： Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. 北京是中国最大城市之一。 c. “特殊疑问词+谓语动调+the +最高级+A, B, C？”用于三者以上的比较。如： Which country is the largest,China, Brazil or Canada? 哪一个国家最大，中国，巴西还是加拿人 Who gets up the latest,Ann,Lucy or Bob?
14、谁起得最晚，安，露西还是鲍勃? 【例题回顾】【例题回顾】 1. Of the three boys,I find Tom is (clever). 2. My friend is only one year (old) than me 3.China has (large) population in the world. 4.Which color is (popular)，red or green? 5.- - - Which subject do you like (good) at school,Chinese,math or English? - - - None,In fact ,
15、 I like music best. 参考答案：the cleverest，older，the largest，more popular，best 语法专题三：语法专题三：现在完成时现在完成时 【No.1】语法：现在完成时（考点）语法：现在完成时（考点）： 一、定义：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持 续到现在的动作或状态。 二、 基本结构： 1、肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)+- - - - - - . 2、否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+- - - - - - . 3、一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分
16、词+- - - - - - . 回答: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定) 三、用法 （1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 I have spent all of my money. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Lily has (just/already) come. (含义：Lily 现在在这儿) My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作
17、或状态，常与持续到现在的动作或状态，常与 for（+ 时间段）时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用时间点或过去时的句子）连用. *（重点）（重点） for+时段 since+过去时间（译为：自从以来） since+从句（过去时） It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 四、has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 （重点）（重点） 1、Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场
18、) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. 2、Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai. 3、Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方） My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago. 五、现在完成时的标志五、现在完成时的标志 1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种 含义: （1） 以 already,
19、 just 和 yet 为标志 He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He hasnt come back yet. 他还没有回来。 注：already 用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末表示惊讶。yet 用 在疑问句和否定句中。 （2） 以 ever 和 never 为标志 This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到
20、过北京。 （3）以动作发生的次数为标志 He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。 （4） 以 so far（到目前为止）为标志+before He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。 2. 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”我们可以从动作“延续” 的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手的特性和
21、“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。进一步学习现在完成时。 for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志 注：现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如 yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 【No.2】语法：过去分词语法：过去分词 （考点）（考点） （一）（一） 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。 (1) 一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work- - - worked- - - worked ,visit
22、- - - visited- - - visited (2) 以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live- - - lived- - - lived , (3) 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study- - - studied- - - studied ,cry- - - cried- - - cried (4) 重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop- - - stopped- - - stopped , drop- - - dropped- - dropped （二）（二）不规则动词
23、：不规则动词： 1、 AAA 型 （原型 过去式 过去分词 一样） burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt let let let put put put set set set shut shut shut spread spread spread read read read read 原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/ 2、AAB 型 beat beat beaten 3、ABA 型 become became become run
24、ran run come came come 特殊情况 4、ABB 型 bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost make made made m
25、eet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat stand stood stood sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won 5、ABC 型 begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly fl
26、ew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written 【No.3】语法：语法：延续性动词和非延续性动
27、词延续性动词和非延续性动词（考点）（考点） 延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念 （一）英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延 续性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。此类动词常见的 如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发 生后立即结束。此类动词常见的 如 open
28、, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy 等。 （二）延续性动词的用法特征 1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“段时间”的状语连用。表示“段时 间”的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since 接时间点或从句, how long 等。如： He has lived here for 6 years.他在这儿已住了六年了。 I have learned English since I came
29、 here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 2. 延续性动词不能与“点时间”状语连用。试比较： 误：It rained at eight yesterday morning. 正：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. 析：rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 表示“点时间”，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示 一瞬间的动作，可以借助 come, begin, get 等非延续性动词来表示。又如： - - When did you get to know Jack?你什么时候认识杰克的？ - - Two years ago.两年前。 - -
30、 Then youve known each other for more than two years.那么你们相识已有两年了。 - - Thats right.是这样的。 （三）非延续性动词的用法特征 1. 非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived.火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？ 2. 非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限 肯定式)。试比较： 他死了三年了。 误：He has died for three y
31、ears. 正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago. 正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died. 史密斯先生来这儿五天了。 误：Mr. Smith has come here for five days. 正：Mr. Smith has been here for five days. 正：Mr. Smith came here five days ago. 正：It is five days since
32、Mr. Smith came here. 正：Five days has passed since Mr. Smith came here. 析：、句中的 die、come 为非延续性动词，不能与表示“段时间”的状语连用。那么， 应如何正确表达呢？可以采用以下四种方法： 将句中将句中非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词（重点）非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词（重点） （2） 将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时。 （3）用句型“It is + 一段时间+ since 从句（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式）”表示。 如：Its two years since the ol
33、d man died.这个老人死了两年了 【例题回【例题回顾】顾】 1. Has the bus left ? Yes, the bus has been away for 10 minutes.（yet，never，already，ever） 2. Mr. Green has been in China ten years.（for，since） 3. I have been his city for many years. Its my second home.（in，to） 4. Which city is the farthest place you have ever been ?（
34、in，to） New York. 5. He （买）that book for three weeks.（have） 参考答案：yet，already，for，in，to，has bought 【特色讲解】 1.I missed the beginning of _ cartoon The Lion King. What a pity！You should have left school half _ hour earlier. A. a; an Bthe; a Cthe; an D. a; the 2.As soon as the rain _， they will go out to p
35、ick apples. A. stops Bstopped Cwill stop D. stop 3.What would you like to drink, tea or coffee? _ is OK, but I prefer coffee _ tea A. Either；than BNeither；with CNeither；to D. Either; to 4.How much is the ticket to Central Park? A one- way ticket _ $40, and you can _ another $20 for a round- trip. A.
36、 costs; pay Bcosts; spend Cpays; spend D. spends; pay 5.I didnt believe I could do it _ I got to the top of Mount Tai. A. unless Buntil Cafter D. before 6.Can you tell me _ at the time of the rainstorm? Sorry, I dont know.I wasnt with him at that time. A. what your brother is doing Bwhat did your br
37、other do Cwhat your brother was doing D. what was your brother doing 7._ there anything new in todays Qianzhong Morning Daily? No.But there _ some inspiring stories worth reading. A. Is；is Bare；are CIs；are D. are; is 8.Mom wont let Dick go out _ he promises to be back by 10：00 tonight. A. unless Bwh
38、en Csince D. if 9.China is over 5000 years old.Its one of _ countries in the world. Yes.It has much _ history than the USA. A. older；longer Bolder；the longest Cthe oldest；longer D. oldest; longer 10.How long _ your brother _ this camera? For two weeks. A. have; bought Bhas; had C. has; bought D. doe
39、s; buy 【当堂练习】 基础演练基础演练 一、单词拼写一、单词拼写 1. If you get into t ,please ask the police for help. 2. I found a wallet on my way home, I want to give it to its o . 3. Nowadays，some students have lots of s from their parents. Yeah, they send their kids to different classes. 4. Could you e why you were late ag
40、ain this morning? 5. After he listened to his mother carefully, he r he was wrong. 二二、用所给词的适当形式填空用所给词的适当形式填空 1. I （clean）my room when the fire broke out. 2. He is old enough to take care of （he）. 3. Yellow River is one of (long) rivers in China. 4. Its not really of great （important）to me. 5. I （vis
41、it） the nature museum many times， but Id like （visit） it again. 巩固提高巩固提高 三、三、完形填空完形填空 The “left- behind”children（留守儿童）are children whose parents are working in cities far away from them . A program 1 On the Way to School did a research among 2,000 children living in poor areas. The research 2 that 1
42、5.1% of children were unable to 3 their parents in a whole year, 4 during the Spring Festival. About 8.9 million children could talk with their parents 5 the phone only once or twice a year. And about 15.2 million children could get phone calls from 6 parents every three months. Yang Hai lives in a
43、village with his grandparents. His parents 7 in Fuzhou, a city thousands of kilometers 8 . His grandparents love him and 9 him well. But he says he still 10 his parents. Now more people in the country 11 to work in cities and leave their children at home. The government is trying to do 12 to protect
44、 the children at home and free their parents from 13 about their children. “Those children 14 be with their parents very often. 15 we should give them more care and love, ”said an official（官员）. 1A. called B. written C. wanted Drecorded 2A. argued B. asked Cshowed Dguessed 3A. see B. listen Ctake Dco
45、nsider 4A. just Beven Cstill Dalways 5A. at Bof Con Dto 6A. our Btheir Cher Dhis 7A. work Bfit Ccheck Dride 8A. over Boff Caway Dout 9A. hear from BLook after CThink of Dagree with 10.A. misses Bloses Ccheats DHides 11. A. refuses Bfail Cforget Dchoose 12. A. anything Bsomething Ceverything Dnothing
46、 13. A. interests Bsatisfaction Cpredictions Dworries 14. A. neednt Bshouldnt Ccant Dmustnt 15. A. So BOr CUnless DUntil 【当堂检测】 一、一、单项选择单项选择 1.Over 100 countries and organizations _ warm support to the Belt and Road initiative (倡 议)since 2013. Wonderful! Our circle of friends is growing bigger! A. g
47、ive Bhad given Cgave D. have given 2._ students went to the university to listen to the _ speech. A. Thousand of；120- minutes BTwo thousand；120- minute C. Two thousands；120- minutes DThousands of；120- minutes 3.Where is your uncle, Jane? He is in Guangzhou.He _ for a month. A. has left Bhas gone Cha
48、s been away D. has been to 4.Jeff, could you tell me how to take a taxi through “Didi”？ _ A. Youre welcome. BSure, Id love to. CTake it easy. D. Im afraid. 5. Have you ever _ America? Yes, I _ New York last year. Awent; have been to Bbeen to; have been to Cbeen to; went to D. gone to; have gone to 二
49、二、根据句意根据句意，用括号中所给单词的正确用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空。形式填空。 1My mother cant sleep well, and sometimes she even stays (wake) the whole night. 2They expected that they could solve the problem by (they) 3The bridge (be) here for twenty years. 4Paul is a(n) (honest) boy.We dont like him. 5We (have) the desk for three years. 三三、阅读理解阅读理解 It was yard sale time again, and everyone in the Jones family was getting ready. Bill, the youngest, was clearing out his
