1、1 阅读教材 P5354的材料，选出最佳选项 1Whats the main idea of the passage? AIt tells us science is of great value in our lives. BIt tells us science only makes good things for people. C It tells us science represents the destruction of people and often puts us at risk. DIt tells us science cant be measured by bein
2、g good or evil. 2Which value of science is not mentioned in the passage? AScientific knowledge enables us to invent something. B.Science can provide people with intellectual enjoyment. C.Science can make people feel ignorant，doubtful and uncertain about something. D.Science makes people form a habit
3、 of thinking freely and effectively. 3According to the passage，whats the scientists responsibility? ADeclaring the value of the freedom of thought. B.Teaching that doubt isnt to be feared but to be welcomed. C.Knowing the progress is the fruit of freedom of thought. DEnsuring the freedom of thought
4、is for all coming generations. 答案 13 ADC Words and Phrases 知识要点1 surround vt.围绕，环绕；包围；与紧密相关 (教材 P48) He observed that the bacteria surrounding the mould were dead. 他观察到霉菌周围的细菌都死了。 例 1 The original builders surrounded the city with a wall. 最初的建设者们在该城的周围修起了城墙。 例 2 To some，happiness is being surrounded
5、 by family and friends. 对一些人来说，幸福就是有家人和朋友陪伴在自己身边。 造句 一群运动员围着教练。 2 The coach was surrounded by/with a group of players. 知识拓展 (1)surround sb./sth.(with.) (以)围绕，包围 be surrounded by/with. 被环绕/包围 (2)surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的 (3)surroundings n. 环境；周围的事物 即学即练 单句语法填空 Surrounded(surround)by beautiful rivers，t
6、he country has attracted a lot of visitors. The policemen decided to search the surrounding(surround)area. When Mr.Brown got off the train， he found himself surrounded (surround)by his students. There are a lot of fans surrounding(surround)the young star over there. 小片段助记 Once upon a time，a king who
7、 was very polite to surrounding countries lived in a castle surrounded by tall trees and with wonderful surroundings. 知识要点2 by accident 偶然，意外地 (教材 P48) One might think Fleming discovered penicillin by accident，but actually this is far from the truth. 有人可能会认为弗莱明发现青霉素是出于偶然，然而实际上，这远非事实。 例 1 As a matter
8、 of fact，I landed in Britain by accident. 事实上，我在英国上岸是偶然的。 例 2 Success in life doesnt happen by accident. 生活的成功并不是偶然发生的。 造句 我只是碰巧找到这些老照片的。 I only found these old photos by accident. 知识拓展 by accidentby chance 偶然；无意中；不小心 by mistake 错误地 by designon purpose 故意地 3 即学即练 单句语法填空 I cant find my book.Someone m
9、ay have taken it by mistake. Your words sound as if I did it by design! It was by accident that I met one of my old friends in the street. He did it on purpose，knowing it would annoy her. 知识要点3 favour vt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于 n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒 (教材 P48) As Louis Pasteur said， “Fortune favours the prepared mind.” 正如
10、路易斯巴斯德所说： “幸运垂青于有准备的人。 ” 例 1 Ill ask Steve to take it.He owes me a favour. 我要请史蒂夫接受。他欠我一个人情。 例 2 The man asked me to do him a favour the other day. 不久前的一天，那个人让我帮他一个忙。 造句 你支持这个决定吗？ Are you in favour of the decision? 知识拓展 (1)in favour of 支持，赞同 in sb.s favour 对某人有利 show favour to 对偏爱/偏袒 do sb.a favour/
11、do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 ask sb.a favour/ask a favour of sb. 请某人帮个忙 (2)favourable adj. 给人好印象的；赞同的；有利的 即学即练 单句语法填空 The terms of the agreement are favourable(favour)to both sides. The exchange rate is in our favour at the moment. The mother is careful to show no favour to any child. Most people are
12、in favour of bringing down the housing prices. 知识要点4 charge vt.& vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使承担责任；使充满 n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管 4 (教材 P49) When a thunderstorm approached，the lightning would charge the key. 当雷雨来临时，闪电就会给钥匙充电。 例 1 How much do you charge a room with a bath? 一间带浴室的房间多少钱？ 例 2 The restaurant charged 20 for dinner
13、. 这家餐馆收了 20 英镑的餐费。 造句 他们收了多少修理费？ What did they charge for the repairs? 知识拓展 in charge of 主管；负责；掌管 in/under the charge of sb.in ones charge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理 take charge of 负责；掌管；接管 charge sb.with sth./doing sth. 控告某人犯某罪；指责某人做某事 charge.for. 就向某人索取费用 即学即练 单句语法填空 He was charged with stealing(steal)a car la
14、st week. He charged me 50 yuan for repairing the mobile phone. The company is in the charge of Miss Green. He was charged with murder. 知识要点5 involve vt.牵涉，影响；包含；(使)参加 (教材 P53) I had to ask myself， “Is there some evil involved in science？” 我不得不问自己：“科学里是不是有罪恶？” 例 1 Many of the crimes involved drugs. 许
15、多罪案都与毒品有关。 例 2 There was a serious incident involving a group of youths. 有一起涉及一群年轻人的严重事件。 造句 这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？ 5 How many vehicles were involved in the crash? 知识拓展 involve sb.in(doing)sth. (使)某人参与(做)某事 be involved in 包含在；与有关； 被卷入；专心地(做) be involved with 涉及 become involved in 卷入，陷入 get involved with 给缠住
16、 即学即练 单句语法填空 What kind of organizations will be involved in setting(set)up these projects? He was involved(involve)in reading the novel all morning. There was a lot of work involved(involve)in setting up the festival. Parents should involve themselves in their childrens education. 知识要点6 let sb.down
17、使某人失望 (教材 P54) Never concerned that the answer may let us down，with pleasure and confidence we turn over each new stone to find unimagined strangeness leading on to more wonderful questions and mysteries. 我们从不担心答案可能会令人失望，总是快乐而自信地开始每一次新探索， 发现一些意想不到、稀奇古怪的东西，随之而来的是更加奇妙的问题和奥秘。 例 1 Well try our best to d
18、o it well.We dont want to let him down. 我们会尽全力做好这件事。我们不想让他失望。 例 2 Dont worry.Xiao，I wont let you down. 不要担心。肖，我不会让你失望的。 造句 我会努力工作。我不想让老板失望。 Ill work hard.I dont want to let the boss down. 知识拓展 let off 排放；不惩罚，宽恕 let out 泄露；发出叫声 let sb.alone 不要管某人，不打扰某人 let alone 更不用说，更谈不上 6 let sth.down 使某物降低 let in
19、让进来 即学即练 单句语法填空 Ill let him off this time but next time hell be punished. Im counting on you to make itdont let me down It remains unknown who let out the secret. When my father is upset，he would rather we let him alone 知识要点7 ignorance n无知 (教材 P54) The scientist has a lot of experience with ignoranc
20、e and doubt and uncertainty，and this experience is of very great importance. 科学家经常会经历无知、疑惑和不确定。而这种经历是十分重要的。 例 1 They fought a long battle against prejudice and ignorance. 他们同偏见与无知进行了长期的斗争。 例 2 I am beginning to feel embarrassed by my complete ignorance of world history. 我开始为自己对世界历史的一无所知感到尴尬。 造句 贫穷和愚
21、昧阻碍进步。 Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of progress. 知识拓展 (1)be in ignorance of sth. 不知某事；对某事不了解 (2)ignore vt. 忽视；对不予理会 (3)ignorant adj. 无知的；愚昧的 be ignorant of/about sth. 不知道某事 be ignorant that. 不知道 即学即练 单句语法填空 Sometimes children do dangerous things out of ignorance (ignore). We are ignorant of
22、/about your plan. The singer held his head and walked past, ignoring(ignore)his fans. She ignored(ignore)him and carried on with her work. 7 知识要点8 take it for granted 想当然地认为，认为是理所当然 (教材 P54) Now， we scientists take it for granted that it is perfectly possible to live and not know. 现在，我们科学家理所当然地认为，人类
23、生而有所不知是完全有可能的。 例 1 I just took it for granted that hed always be around. 我还想当然地以为他总能随叫随到呢。 例 2 He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative. 他似乎理所当然地认为他应当作为代表发言。 造句 这位男士想当然地认为他是最好的。 The man took it for granted that he was the best. 知识拓展 take.seriously 认真对待 take ones time
24、 不用急，慢慢来 take pride in 以自豪 take.for granted 认为理所当然 take charge of 负责，掌管 take advantage of 利用 即学即练 单句语法填空 He began to take science seriously (serious)only when he did some research in farming. We take it for granted(grant)that everyone should have the chance to be educated. Im going to take advantage
25、 of this tour to explore the history of the castle. We take pride in offering you the highest standards. 知识要点9 permit vt.& vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能 n许可证 (教材 P54) Permit us to questionto doubtto not be sure. 允许我们质疑、怀疑、不确定。 例 1 No one is permitted to go into the building at present. 现在不允许任何人进入这座大楼。 8 例 2 The
26、guards permitted me to bring my camera and tape recorder. 守卫允许我带上相机和录音机。 造句 如果天气允许，午饭时尽量出去散散步。 Try to go out for a walk at lunchtime，if the weather permits. 知识拓展 (1)permit sb.to do sth. 允许某人做某事 permit(doing)sth. 允许(做)某事 (2)permission n. 允许；许可；同意 ask sb.for permissionask permission from sb. 请求某人许可 wi
27、th/without(ones)permission 得到/未经(某人的)允许 即学即练 单句语法填空 The rules of the club dont permit smoking(smoke). We asked him for permission(permit)to use the car. Smoking is not permitted(permit)in the cinema. You are not allowed to camp here without permission(permit). 小片段助记 Strangers are not permitted to en
28、ter the school during the outbreak of investigation without the president s permission.If you have to go to school，you must ask the president for permission. 知识要点10 (教材 P54) It is our responsibility as scientist，knowing the great progress that is the fruit of freedom of thought，to declare the value
29、of this freedom. 作为科学家，我们明白巨大进步源于思想自由，因此，我们有责任声明这一 自由的价值 (1)responsibility n责任，负责；职责，义务 例 1 Childhood activities help a child develop a sense of responsibility. 儿童时期的活动有助于培养孩子的责任感。 例 2 No one admitted responsibility for the attacks. 9 没有人对这些袭击负责。 造句 对于一个孩子来说，这责任是太重了。 Thats too much responsibility fo
30、r a child. 知识拓展 (1)take/have responsibility for 对负责 a sense of responsibility 一种责任感 (2)responsible adj. 负责任的，对负责的 be responsible for 对负责 即学即练 单句语法填空 You have responsibility(responsible)for clearing up the classroom after class. It is their responsibility to ensure(ensure)that the rules are carried o
31、ut. She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees. He takes the view that children are responsible for their own actions. (2)declare vt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报 例 1 The government has declared a state of emergency. 政府已宣布进入紧急状态。 例 2 The area has been declared a national park. 该地区已宣布为国家公园。 造句
32、 他声称他已爱上了她。 He declared that he was in love with her. 知识拓展 declare war(on/against) (向)宣战 declare sb./sth.(as/to be)n./adj. 宣布某人/物为 declare sth./that. 宣布 declare for/against. 赞成/反对 It is/was declared that. 据宣布 即学即练 单句语法填空 They declared him to be(be)the winner. The government has declared war on/again
33、st drug dealers. 10 It was declared(declare)that the plane would not take off due to the bad weather. The doctor finally declared(declare)that the woman was dead. 主旨大意题 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一， 主要考查考生把握全文主题 和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题的形式 出现。 思维建模熟练 3 步解题流程 解题方法 1文章大意题不同文体不同解法 (1)议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往
34、采用“总分”或“总分 总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。 (2)说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。 (3)记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括 文章大意。但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。 2标题归纳题两大技巧 (1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 (2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章” 将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。 3段落大意题根据逻辑结构精准定位主题句 (1)总分顺序组织段落：主题句在段首； (2)分总顺序组织段落：主题句在段尾
35、； (3)分总分顺序组织段落：主题句在段中。 例文 Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight， 11 bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehiclenamed the Transitionhas two seats，four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven l
36、ike a car.The Transition， which flew at 1， 400 feet for eight minutes last month，can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23- gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground，it gets 35 miles per gallon. Around 100 people have already
37、 put down a$10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale，and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways.Its expected to cost $279，000.And it wont help
38、 if youre stuck in traffic.The car needs a runway. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.The basic data of the Transition. BThe advantages of flying cars. CThe potential market for flying cars. DThe designers of the Transition. A 主旨大意题。 根据第一段中提到飞行汽车的两个座位、 四个轮子以及车 翼、飞行速度、油耗等情况可知，该段是在介绍飞行汽车 Tran
39、sition 的基本数据， 故选 A 项。B 项曲解文意，该段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在 空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势；C 项无中生有，该段并没有提 及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场问题；D 项以偏概全，文中确实提到了飞行汽车的设 计者，但它不是本段的主要内容。 即学即练 请快速确定下面这道主旨大意题的答案。 When I was eleven，my parents gave me the first book I ever ownedThe Tales of Edgar Allan Poe.I distinctly remember opening it，reading
40、the first lines of the book，and remarking to myself， “So this is what reading is！” My delight was unbounded.Little did I know at the time that I was at the beginning of a lifelong journey. What does the paragraph mainly talk about? 12 AThe authors good memories. BThe authors childhood before 11. CThe authors parents reading habits. DThe authors affection for his first book. D 段落大意题。根据“So this is what reading is！My delight was unbounded.”可知，作者在 11 岁时读了 The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe 这本书，它 唤起作者对书籍的热爱。故选 D。
