1、Grammar: the Infinitive（动词不定式两课时） 知识讲解知识讲解 不定式的构成及变形：不定式的构成及变形： 动词不定式是由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下 to 也可省略。 1. 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy.（同时发生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.（to catch the train 发生在 hurry to the station 之后） 2.
2、 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 3. 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 4. 不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 不定式的时态意义：不定式的时态意义： He is said to be studying a
3、broad.（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad.（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束） 5 不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。 不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。 一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 完成式 to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into
4、many languages. 6. 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由 not 或 never 加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。 不定式句法功能不定式句法功能 不定式可以作句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等成分。 作主语作主语 To hear f
5、rom you is nice. To be a good teacher is not easy. 不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以 it 作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。 Its nice to hear from you. Its not easy to be a good teacher. 作宾语作宾语 通常用于 afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, help, hes
6、itate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish 等动词后面。 I forgot to lock the door. Please remember to write to me. 记忆口诀：三个希望两答应（hope，wish，want，agree，promise） 一个要求莫拒绝（demand，refuse） 设法学
7、会做决定（manage，decide） 不要假装在选择（pretend，choose） 作表语作表语 My job is to pick up letters. He seemed to have heard nothing. 作定语作定语 在 the first, the second, the third, the last 等之后通常接不定式作定语。作定语时须放在被修 饰的名词之后： He is always the first one to get up. I have a few words to say on this question. 主动形式表被动含义： I have a b
8、ook to read. It is easy to read. Have you anything to send? 比较：Have you anything to be sent? She is the last to come. He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. 作宾补作宾补 通常用于 advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instr
9、uct, invite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn 等词后。 He ordered her to leave at once. He was forced to obey his mothers order. 作状语作状语 不定式作状语时通常表示目的，不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置，一是在句首，二是 在句末。 一般说来， 用于句首属于强调性用法， 即强调动词的目的。 也可用于 “be adj. to do” 结构中作原因
10、状语。 He got up early to catch the first bus. To finish the task on time, we have to work hard. Im happy to hear the news. Im surprised to see him here. only to.往往表示 “意想不到” 的结果； never to.可以接后续的结果。 so.as to., such. as to., enough to., only to.以及 too.to.等结构中的不定式也表结果： Her father disappeared, never to be
11、heard again. I went to the bank only to find it was closed. 不定式和现在分词作状语的区别不定式和现在分词作状语的区别 1.作目的状语。不定式作目的状语，带有很强的目的性，有时可以把(in order) to do 置于句 首。而现在分词作目的状语时，目的和伴随兼而有之。多放于句末，与主句用逗号隔开。 (In order) to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan. You should keep it a secret, trying to protect
12、the plan. 2.作结果状语。不定式作结果状语表示意外的结果。现在分词作状语表示自然的结果。 He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.(意外的结果) It rained heavily last night, causing the river to rise.(自然的结果) 作独立成分作独立成分 to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story sho
13、rt To tell you the truth, I told a lie. To begin/start with, lets sing a song. To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam. 不定式特殊用法不定式特殊用法 用用 it 作形式主语作形式主语 动词不定式作主语时，如果主语太长，通常用 it 作形式主语，将真正的主语动词不定 式后置。 For us to learn English well is necessary. It is necessary for us to learn Englis
14、h well. 动词不定式作主语时，如果将句子变为疑问句，应使用 it 作形式主语。 To walk to the station takes twenty minutes. Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station? 用用 it 作形式宾语作形式宾语 某些不能修饰人的形容词作宾语补足语时，不能用表示人的词作宾语，应用 it 作形式 宾语， 再用动词不定式的复合结构作真正的宾语； 这类形容词常用的有 necessary, easy, hard, common, possible 及 impossible 等。 父亲的猝死，使得他必须辍
15、学。 误：His fathers sudden death made him necessary to leave school. 正：His fathers sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school. 动词不定式作定语时是否要介词动词不定式作定语时是否要介词 动词不定式与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系时， 如果动词不定式的动词及不及物动 词，或者该动词不定式本身有宾语，其后面应加上与之用法相应的介词。 We are looking for a room to live in. 但被修饰的名词为 place, time, wa
16、y 等时，则往往省略介词。 Thats a nice place to work（in）. 不定式主动式和被动式作不定式主动式和被动式作定语区别定语区别 动词不定式作定语时， 如果其表示的动作为句子的主语发出时， 该动词不定式一般用主 动式； 如果动词不定式表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的， 该动词不定式应用被动式。 例如： I am going to the shop because I have something to buy.（“buy”这个动作是句子的主语“I”发出 的，故用主动式 to buy） I am going to the shop. Do you have anything
17、 to be bought? （“buy”这个动作不是句子的主语 “you”发出的，故用被动式 to be bought） “too.to.”结构”结构 “too +形容词或副词+ to do”中的动词不定式表示结果，含有否定的意义，意思是“太以 致不能”。 The problem was too complicated for us to solve. 但下列结构表示肯定含义。但下列结构表示肯定含义。 当 too 前或 to 前有否定词构成双重否定时： English is not too difficult to learn. （英语并不太难学。） He is too wise not t
18、o see that. （他很聪明,不会不懂这一点。） 当 too 后是 glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious 等形容词或副词时；与这些词连用时，too 前 还常加上 only, all, but, just, simply 等副词，意思不变，因为这些词加上 too 后与 very 同义。 They are too anxious to leave.
19、 （他们急于离开。） He is too ready to help others. （他总是乐于助人。） Im only too glad to see you. （见到你非常高兴） They are but too pleased to hear the news. （他们听到这个消息，非常高兴。） 与 cannot 连用： You cannot be too careful (=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework. 你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分). 不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时： There are
20、too many problems to be solved. （有很多问题有待解决。） in order to 与与 so as to 动词不定式作目的状语位于句首时，前面可加 in order，但不能加 so as；动词不定式位于句 末，则加 in order 或 so as 均可。 In order to make money, they did anything. They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9. “疑问词不定式”结构“疑问词不定式”结构 “疑问词不定式”结构中的疑问词，包括疑问代
21、词 who，what，which 和疑问副词 how， when，where 等。这些疑问词和不定式一起构成了不定式短语，这种结构可在句子中作主 语、宾语、表语等。 How to do it is a question. （作主语） I really dont know what to write about. （作动词宾语） We must first solve the problem of whom to serve. （作介词宾语） The question is where to put it. （作表语） I asked him how to learn English. （作宾语
22、补足语） 不定式复合结构不定式复合结构 不定式可以与其逻辑主语一起构成不定式复合结构，其形式：“for+名词/人称代词宾格+带 to 的不定式”。其中的名词或人称代词宾格与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 It is important for us to learn English well. 但当表语表示不定式的逻辑主语的特征属性时要用 of，如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless It is very kind of you to help
23、 me. = you are kind to help me. 不定式符号不定式符号 to 省略省略 watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have 后接不定式做宾补时，后接不定式做宾补时， 省略省略 to；但；但 get sb to do 中的中的 to 不能省略。不能省略。 注意：主动省 to 的这些句子，变成被动形式时必须加 to。 I saw him play basketball. I noticed him come in. They made me repeat the st
24、ory. I was made to repeat the story. 当介词当介词 but, except, besides 之前有一个实义动词之前有一个实义动词 do (助动词助动词 do 及其变化形式除外及其变化形式除外)时，后面时，后面 的动词不定式不带的动词不定式不带 to。此外，在。此外，在 can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can not help but/except 这三个固定用法中，这三个固定用法中，but/except 之后的不定式也不带之后的不定式也不带 to。 The enemy could not cho
25、ose but surrender. I could do nothing except agree to his terms. Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring? 介词介词 instead of 前后的两个成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式，则后面的不定式不带前后的两个成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式，则后面的不定式不带 to。 He went to play football instead of see a film. would (had) as soon, had better, had best (不常用) 等之后，不定式省
26、略 to。 You had better not smoke. Id just as soon come tomorrow. 某些惯用法中，某些惯用法中， than之后的不定式不带之后的不定式不带to, 如如do nothing else than, do more (less) than, do no more than, would (had) sooner than, would rather than 等。等。 I would rather not see him. The old worker often does more than fulfill his quota. why 引
27、导的省略问句中。口语中，不带引导的省略问句中。口语中，不带 to 的不定式常在的不定式常在 why 引导的省略句中作谓语。表示引导的省略句中作谓语。表示 不同意或反驳的意见。不同意或反驳的意见。 Why not give her another chance？ Why bother? Why not do it yourself？ make, hear, let, go 构成惯用语时，常用省略 to 不定式。 Cant you make do with 10 pounds？ 10 英磅不可以凑合着用吗？ They let ship the good chance. 他们错过了那次好机会。 Th
28、e children made believe that they were generals.孩子们假扮成将军。 动词动词 go 和和 come 之后作状语之后作状语时省略时省略 to： 不定式在动词 go 和 come 之后作状语时，在某些情况下总是不带 to。这种用法在祈使句 的 go 和 come 之后最常见。 在陈述句中也会出现这种用法， 但一般在 go 和 come 不发生形 态变化的情况下才出现。 Go chase yourself!！(走开，别来捣乱！) Come sit beside me. You should go thank him. 两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时
29、， 第一个不定式带两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时， 第一个不定式带 to， 后面的不定式往往把， 后面的不定式往往把 to 省去；省去； 但表对照时不能省但表对照时不能省 to： I wish to finish my task and (to) get away. It is better to laugh than to cry. 省略动词部分省略动词部分 为避免重复，口语中常可省去与前边动词重复的动词原形而留下为避免重复，口语中常可省去与前边动词重复的动词原形而留下 to。 Would you like to go to the films with me? Id like to.
30、如果不定式如果不定式 to 后的结构中含有后的结构中含有 be, have 或或 have been，通常要保留，通常要保留 be, have 或或 have been， 但随后的成分仍可省略。但随后的成分仍可省略。 Is your mother a teacher? No, but she used to be. He hasnt finished yet. Well, he ought to have. 高考英语动名词与不定式专项练习高考英语动名词与不定式专项练习 1 1. He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt
31、 risk the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 2. We are considering a new decision. A. making B. being made C. to make D. to have made 3. I usually go there by train. Why not by boat for a change? A. try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. trying going 4. Our mon
32、itor suggested a discussion on the new holiday plan. A. to have B. should have C. have D. having 5. The wild rabbit was lucky that it just missed . A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 6. Can you imagine yourself on a lonely island for three years? A. staying B. stay C. have staye
33、d D. being stayed 7. We can understand why he avoids us. A. meet B. to meet C. having met D. meeting 8. Please excuse my to the party without . A. come. . . asking B. coming. . asking C. to come. bring asked D. coming. being asked 9. Why have they delayed the new hospital? A. opening B. to open C. h
34、aving opened D. to have opened 10. All said that she wouldnt mind alone at home. A. left B. being left C. to be left D. leaving 11. The discovery of new evidence led to . A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 12. He hasnt got used in France
35、 yet. A. live B. to live C. to living D. living 13. He insisted on abroad for his post-graduate study. A. he should B. he go C. his going D. him to go 14. The teacher began by us where the city was and went on about its history. A. telling. to talk B. to tell. to talk C. telling. talking D. to tell.
36、 talking 15. That evening, he set about the report the next morning. A. write. to hand in B. to write. . handing in C. written. to hand in D. writing. to be handed in 16. Do you feel like out or would you rather dinner at home? A. eating. . . have B. to eat. . . to have C. eating. to have D. to eat.
37、 . . having 17. The secretary was very busy his report. He was far too busy phone calls. A. to prepare. answering B. in preparing. . . answering C. to prepare. to answer D. preparing. to answer 18. Jane never dreamed of such a good job opportunity in the southern city. A. there was B. there to be C.
38、 there be D. there being 19. Its nice to walk along the country paths with _ grass. A. covered. growing B. covering. growing C. covering. grown D. to cover. . grown 20. Though it began , the soldiers kept on towards the front. A. raining. advancing B. to rain. advancing C. raining. . . with the adva
39、nce D. to rain. . . to advance 21.The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have been caused 22.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars road conditions need A. that
40、. . to be improved B. which . to be improved C. where. . . to be improving D. when. . improving 23.Remember _the magazine when you have finished reading it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 24.Im sorry I forgot _ your dictionary. Lets use Li Huas. A. to take B. taki
41、ng C. to bring D. bringing 25.At the moment, Jason is considering next. A. to do what B. what to do C. doing what D. what doing 26.I first considered _ to him, but then I decided him. A. writing. phoning B. to write. . . to phone C. writing. to phone D. to write. . . phoning 27.Tom is always forgett
42、ing things he has done. Yesterday, he forgot and looked for it eve- rywhere. A. to post the letter B. to have the letter posted C. to having posted the letter D. having posted the letter 28.You didnt hear us come in last night. We tried noisy. A. to be not B. not to be C. not being D. being not 29.M
43、y brother regretted _ a lecture given by Prof. Wang. A. missing B. to miss C. missed D. being missing 30.I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you a job. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing 31.He felt tired with typing the lecture. So he stopped _ a short break. A. havi
44、ng B. to have C. taking D. to taking 32.In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 33.She had no choice but in the corner of the room _ . A. to sit. wept B. to
45、 sit. . weeping C. sit. wept D. sat. . . weeping 34.You have come just in time to help us. Fine. What needs _ ? A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do 35. That evening, he set about _ the report _ the next morning. A. write. to hand in B. to write. . handing in C. written. to hand in D. writing. to
46、be handed in 36. There seemed nothing _ to do but _ for the doctor. A. leave. send B. left. to send C. left. send D. leaving. send 37. Do you think it difficult _ a dolphin _ ? A. to train. jumping B. training. for jumping C. to train. jump D. to train. to jump 38. I prefer _ rather than _ . A. to d
47、o some reading. watching TV B. doing some reading. watching TV C. to do some reading. watch TV D. doing some reading. to watch TV 39. The two boys pretended _ very hard, though they did nothing. A. study B. studying C. to be studied D. to be studying 40. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldi
48、ers had been ordered clear warnings before firing any shots. A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued 41. The girl is often listened to songs in the next room. A. practice to sing B. practice singing C. to practice to sing D. to practice singing 42. What can we do to help Li Min
49、g? All we can do is to try that he should study even harder. A. making him to realize B. making him realize C. to make him realize D. to make him to realize 43. Soon they saw the two strangers in the crowd. A. disappear B. to disappear C. disappearing D. disappeared 44. Professor Smith has his students compositions every Friday. A. to write B. written C. write D. writing 45. The boys were seen model ships in the room when someone rang the bell. A. made
