1、长难句分析长难句分析 高考阅读理解专题高考阅读理解专题 -主旨大意主旨大意 一个句子之所以长，是增加了修饰语的缘故。 我们要做的就是找到修饰语，去掉修饰语，使长 句变成简单句。去掉定状补，只留主加谓。 修饰语: 作定语的形容词 作状语的副词 介词短语 非谓语动词短语 从句 形容词和副词是一个词，相对较短，而介词短语、 非谓语动词和从句相对较长，因此，有人称之为 “三长两短”。 Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines, the toothpaste marketer, for instance, must sel
2、ect the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 1、带有较多成分的简单句。、带有较多成分的简单句。 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏 经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视 台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。 Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines, the toothpaste marketer, for instance, must select
3、 the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy. 在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出 色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不 开心。 2、含有多个简单句的并列句。、含有多个简单句的并列句。 In the
4、 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy. 3、包含多个从句的复合句。、包含多个从句的复合句。 I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable resources, our children may have to lead p
5、oorer lives. 我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中： 由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在 消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子 可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。 I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable resources, our chil
6、dren may have to lead poorer lives. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable. 我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但 是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管 我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免
7、的。 4. 并列句中包含复合句。并列句中包含复合句。 I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable. 24. Which actor or actress is non-white? A. Scarlett Johansson B. Matt Damon C. Ed Skrein D. Daniel Dae Kim. 2. Sever
8、al Hollywood films have faced criticism in recent months for featuring white actors in Asian roles. Recent films accused of whitewashing include the Hollywood remake of Japanese anime Ghost in the Shell, which had Scarlett Johansson in the main role which was originally Japanese, and Chinese epic Th
9、e Great Wall which starred Matt Damon as its lead character. Earlier this year, British actor Ed Skrein who was cast as an Asian character in the upcoming Hellboy remake pulled out of the film so that the role could be “cast appropriately”. It then went to Korean- American actor Daniel Dae Kim. D 2.
10、 Several Hollywood films have faced criticism in recent months for featuring white actors in Asian roles. Recent films accused of whitewashing include the Hollywood remake of Japanese anime Ghost in the Shell, which had Scarlett Johansson in the main role which was originally Japanese, and Chinese e
11、pic The Great Wall which starred Matt Damon as its lead character. Earlier this year, British actor Ed Skrein who was cast as an Asian character in the upcoming Hellboy remake pulled out of the film so that the role could be “cast appropriately”. It then went to Korean- American actor Daniel Dae Kim
12、. “洗白”(whitewashing)指由白人演员扮演非 白人角色的行为，被视为一种盛行很久的种 族歧视行为。 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software company, he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国他
13、在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国 际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是 第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的 新的电子邮件系统。新的电子邮件系统。 5、含有多个插入成分或分隔成分的句子。、含有多个插入成分或分隔成分的句子。 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software
14、company, he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system. 一招破解长难句一招破解长难句! 高考阅读理解高考阅读理解- 主旨大意主旨大意 主旨大意题设问方式 1) 主题类主题类 The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about What is the passage mainly about? 2) 目的类目的类 The passage is meant/intended to The pur
15、pose of this article is to 3) 标题类标题类 The best title of the passage is (1) Now（如今）暗示本文即将要讲的事很有可能与以往不同。 (2) 表转折的词。段落中出现but, however, actually, while, in fact, on the contrary, in contrast等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正要表达的观点。 (3) 表总结的词。如therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词后内 容也可能是主题。 (4) 多次重复的词。如果一篇文章中反复
16、出现某个词，该词往往是 体现文章主旨的关键词。 (5) 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。 (6)说明实验结论或调查结果的句子。如their studies show that，the experiment shows that, scientists/ researchers have found that或there is evidence suggesting that 中that从句的内容通常就是主旨。 寻找主题句的6个微技能 主题句的位置 1、段(文)首开门见山，点出主题； 2、段(文)尾详细论证，总结陈词； 3、段(文)中引题过渡，导出主题; 4、段(文)首尾
17、首尾呼应，烘托主题； 1. 以偏概全，干扰项故意片面地理解文章，从文中 某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出错误结论。 2. 放大或缩小文章的主题。把文章中出现过的某一 个观点或具体细节当成整篇文章的主题；或者太 笼统地夸大主题。 3. 偷换概念，文章的主题被换成相关但不同的主题。 4. 主观臆断，文中没有出处但看似符合常理的误导 性主题。 干扰项设置特点干扰项设置特点 (2017年四川卷D）A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.
18、But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involv
19、ed mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. 1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause
20、other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? 2 1.文首开门见山，点出主题。 语篇结构为：点出主题围绕主题 展开陈述、论证或说明 Reading i
21、s the key to school success and, like any skill it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately, without thinking. Tennis players call that “ being
22、” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity.” The paragraph mainly tells us _. A. what automaticity is B. how accuracy is acquired B. how a child learns to walk D. how an athlete is trained. 3 A（2 2）文尾文尾详细论证，总结陈词。详细论证，总结陈词。 语篇结构为：表述细节语篇结构为：表述细节概括主题概括主题 归纳要点、得出结论、提出建议归纳要点、得出结论、提出建议 If you were p
23、lanning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.
24、 A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the s
25、ale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. A Selling Method D. Buying a TV Set 4 c Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings
26、 light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 5 (3)(3)段中段中引题过渡，导出主题。引题过渡，导出主题。 语篇结构为语篇结构为:“引题引题主题思想主题思想解释解释”或或 “提问提问回答回答解释解释”。 Not so long ago, most people didnt know
27、 who Shelly Ann Francis Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. .Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few year later at Jamaicas Olympic games in early 2008, Shelly Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen
28、 of the sprint (短跑). As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.” One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth. What is the best title for the passage？ A. The Mak
29、ing of a Great Athlete B. The Dream for Championship C. The Key to High Performance D. The Power of Full Responsibility 6 A (4 (4）首尾首尾首尾呼应，烘托主题首尾呼应，烘托主题 语篇结构为:提出主题展开论述或说明 进一步引申或发展主题 1.文首开门见山，点出主题。 语篇结构为：点出主题围绕主题 展开陈述、论证或说明 2. 2. 文尾文尾详细论证，总结陈词。详细论证，总结陈词。 语篇结构为：表述细节语篇结构为：表述细节概括主题概括主题 归纳要点、得出结论、提出建议归纳要
30、点、得出结论、提出建议 3. 3. 段中段中引题过渡，导出主题。引题过渡，导出主题。 语篇结构为语篇结构为:“引题引题主题思想主题思想解释解释”或或 “提问提问回答回答解释解释”。 4. 4. 首尾首尾首尾呼应，烘托主题首尾呼应，烘托主题 语篇结构为:提出主题展开论述或说明 进一步引申或发展主题 1. (2018年全国年全国卷卷32) Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on the
31、ir smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because. 无主题句无主题句 What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. Addiction to s
32、martphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service. C 本段无主题句，描述的情况是：在公共场合，人本段无主题句，描述的情况是：在公共场合，人 们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，甚或苦苦挣扎于们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，甚或苦苦挣扎于 令人不自在的沉默之中。据此可归纳为，陌生人令人不自在的沉默之中。据此可归纳为，陌生人 之间缺少交流。故选之间缺少交流。故选C项。项。 (2017年年
33、卷卷) Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle named the Transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transi
34、tion, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The
35、 basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars. C. The potential market for flying cars. D. The designers of the Transition.无主题句无主题句 A 1、主题词或主题句 主题词出现频率较高，往往在第一段出现，带有概 括性。文章没有明显的主题句，可以通过找主题词。 注：主旨大意题的正确选项一般都会包含主题词！ 2、归纳无主题段或主题句的材料的方法 根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综 合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。 3、运
36、用逆向思维法：在两个选项看上去都十分正 确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自 己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文 章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。 Summary 主旨大意题干扰选项的特征： 过于笼统，不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的 范围。 以偏概全，主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的内 容，或以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内 容。 移花接木，偷换概念。选项中的定语或状语影响 语意范围，或者把属于A的内容放在B上。 主观臆测，无中生有，虽符合一般常理，选项中 关键词也在文中提及，但选项的实际含义与文章主 题无关。 Smoking cigarettes is harmfu
37、l to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease (illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette sm
38、okers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the passage mainly about ? A. Ways of experimenting on smoking. B. Information about smoking C. Smoking resulting in cancer. D. Side effects of smoking. 7 D 画蛇添足 帽子太大 以偏概
39、全 Boston- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI and the museum officials said. The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, s
40、aid Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan .William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercitys Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works”. Q:What is the best headline for this newspaper article? A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by Thieves C. Major Works D. Investigation into the th
41、eft 扩大概念扩大概念 断章取义断章取义 无中生有无中生有 8 B 9 You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without
42、dream, people would go crazy. Q: What does the passage mainly tells? A. How people stay healthy B. Why sleep is necessary C. Why dreams are important D. When people remember their dreams 扩大概念 偷梁换柱 断章取义 C 10 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.
43、 He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. The main idea of this paragraph is that _. A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university. B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university. D. Tom received an excellent education. D 细节
