人教版九年级Unit 1 How can we become good learners -Section A Grammar focus 4a—4c-ppt课件-(含教案+素材)-公开课-(编号：90cab).zip

定语从句：是指在复合句中，定语从句：是指在复合句中， 修饰修饰 或或 的从句的从句 . . 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代被定语从句所修饰的名词或代 词叫做词叫做 “ “ ”. ”. 引导定语从句的词叫引导定语从句的词叫“ “ ”. ”. 名词名词代词代词 先行词先行词 关系词关系词 引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词 指代人指代人 指代事物指代事物 所属关系所属关系 指地点指地点 指时间指时间 指原因指原因 who，whom，that which，that whose，of which where when why 关关 系系 代代 词词 关关 系系 副副 词词 Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is can fly. 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 a machine the machine Join the following sentences: A plane is a machine. The machine can fly. A plane is can fly. 关系代词的实质关系代词的实质 a machine that /which thatthat 与与whichwhich 1.Nothing _ can be done has been done. 2.Do you have anything _ you dont understand ? 先行词是先行词是everything,everything, nothing,nothing, anything,anything, something,something, much,much, little,little, nonenone等不定代词，引等不定代词，引 导定语从句用导定语从句用thatthat tha t tha t 1.This is the best TV _ is made in China. 2.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum. tha t that 先行词被形容词最高级 或序数词修饰时，引导 定语从句用that 。 thatthat 与与whichwhich Ive read all the books _ you lent me. tha t 先行词被先行词被any,any, some,some, no,no, much,much, few,few, little,little, every,every, all,all, very,very, only,only, lastlast 修饰时修饰时, ,引导引导 定语从句用定语从句用thatthat 。 thatthat 与与whichwhich that 1.The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students. 2.A victim is a person, animal or thing _ suffers pain, death, harm, etc. 先行词中既有人又有事物时，先行词中既有人又有事物时， 引导定语从句用引导定语从句用thatthat . . that thatthat 与与whichwhich 1.Who _ you have ever seen can do it better ? WhoWho做先行词时做先行词时 ，引导定语从句，引导定语从句 用用thatthat tha t thatthat 与与whichwhich 1.Her bag ,in _ she put all her money, has been stolen. 2.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars. 3.Xiao Wang ,with _ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much. which which whom 在介词后面，指事物在介词后面，指事物 用用whichwhich，指人用，指人用 whomwhom thatthat 与与whichwhich 用关系词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。用关系词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。 1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago. 2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college. 3. The woman is here now. You were talking about her. 4. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us. 5. The man was my uncle. The man waved to us. 6. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week. 7. I prefer the subject. The subject is science. 8. I spoke to the man. The man is a professor. bemadeofearth/ uniqueintheworld/ hugeringorsquare Itsasurprisingbuildingwhichismadeofearth. Itsanamazingbuildingwhichisuniqueintheworld. Itsabeautifulbuildingthatformsahugeringor square. Itsabeautifulbuildingthatcanprotectagainst enemies,earthquakes,andsoon. inthenorth/aflatroof/protect againststrongwinds cave/digintoahillside/cool insummer/uselessland alargeroundtent/beeasytomove/ witharooflikeanumbrella Matchthetwocolumnstomakecompletesentences. 1.Thecar_brokedown.a.whichIrented 2.MayIusethePC_?b.whichhasaverylongneck 3.Thedrivinglicense_ismine.c.thatyouboughtlastmonth 4.Agiraffeisakindofanimal_.d.whichwastakenawayby thepolice a c d b 六六. 关系副词关系副词when, where和和 关系代词关系代词that, which的区分的区分 同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时，有时 使用使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时；同样是修饰一个时间，有时 使用使用when， 有时使用有时使用that/which。 这主要看两点：这主要看两点： 一是一是定语从句是否完整定语从句是否完整； 二是二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。 请比较以下句子：请比较以下句子： 1)This is the park_ we visited last year. 2)This is the park _we held a birthday party. 3)She wont forget the days _she spent on the island. 4)She wont forget the days_ they stayed together. 5)Thats the date _we went to the college. 6)Thats the date _she wont forget for ever. 7)I like the time _we lived together. 8)I like the time _we had together. that where that when when that when that PC=personalcomputerdrivinglicense giraffe 3a Chinaisagreatcountrythat/whichhasabout 5000yearsofhistory. Itsabookthat/whichintroducesChinaindetail. Couldyoutellmesomethingabouttheplaces (that/which)youvisitedthere? Thatsthemostfantasticplace(that)Ihaveever heardof. Grammar focus Attributive clauses () Exercise 1 :用关系代词填空用关系代词填空 1. The boy _ is playing ping-pong is my classmate. 2. The e-mail _ I received yesterday was from my sister. 3. I hate people _ talk much but do little. 4. The car _ my father bought last month is very beautiful. who / that which/ that who / that which / that 5. The man _ hair is white is his grandfather. 6. Is there a student _ father is a business man? 7. This is the house in _ we have lived for 10 years. 8.Ive never heard of the people and things _ you talked about just now. whose whose which that 当先行词同时指人和物时，关系代词 只能用that. Exercise 2. 1. My father and his teacher talked a lot about the persons and things _ they couldnt remember. 2. Say all _ you know. 3. Is there anything _ I can do for you? that that that 当先行词是something, anything, nothing, all 等词时，关系代词只能用that. 4.This is the first play _ I have seen since I came here. 5. This is the best novel _ I have read. that that 当先行词被序数词，最高级序数词，最高级等词修饰时，关系 代词只能用that. 6.Who is the girl _is standing under the tree? 7. Which is the machine _ we used last Sunday. 当主句是who或或which 引导的特殊疑问句引导的特殊疑问句，而 中心词指人或物时，关系代词只能用that. that that （ ）1.-Do you know the man _is talking with your father? -Yes, hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom （ ）2. Is this the river _I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one （ ） 3.This is the best hotel _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it B C B Exercise 3. （ ）4.Mywatchisnottheonlything_ismissing. A.thatB.itC.whichD.who （ ）5.Theman_coatisblackiswaitingatthegate. A.whosB.whoseC.thatD.ofwhich. （ ）6.Thegirl_isreadingunderthetree_mysister. A.which;isB.whom;wasC.who;isD.who;was （ ）7.Iloveplaces_thepeoplearereallyfriendly. A.thatB.whichC.whereD.who A B C C Discussing Topic 1: What kind of teacher do you like ? Topic 2: What kind of books would you like to read ? Topic 3: What kind of classmate do you like ? Interviewoneofyourclassmatesandthen writeapassage.Thefollowingquestions mayhelpyou. 1.Wherehashe/sheeverbeen? 2.Whatspecialscenerydidhe/sheenjoy there? 3.Whatotherplaceswouldhe/sheliketo visit?Why? Example: KangkanghasbeentoMountTai.MountTailies inthecentralpartofShandongProvince.Itsoneof themostbeautifulmountainsinChina.Whenhegot there,hefoundtherewerelotsoftouristsfrom homeandabroad.Thescenerywassoattractive thattouristslostthemselvesinit.Hethoughtitwas wonderfultowatchthesunriseonthetopofMount Tai.Whenthefirstlightinthemorningfellonthe rockthroughtheleavesoftrees,andthewhole mountainturnedred,peoplebegantosing,dance andcheer.hesaid:Thisisthemostfantasticplace thatIhavevisited. JiuzhaigouNationalParkisinthenorthernpart ofSichuanProvince.ItsknownasWonderlandon Earth.Kangkanghasneverbeentherebefore,so heislookingforwardtovisitingitsoon. 定定语语从从句句及及相相关关术术语语： 定定语语从从句句 （Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词 组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 1.定语从句 ：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个 名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词 有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词 有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3 个 作用：1，引导定语从句。 2，代替先行词。 3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 注：关系代词有主语 .宾语之分。一般 whom 作为宾语。 4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句 子，汉语中常用 的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不 定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之 前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 关系代词引导的定语从句举例。 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系 代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1 1、w wh ho o, , w wh ho om m, , t th ha at t 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（ who/that 在从 句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（ whom/tha t 在从句中作宾语） 2 2、W Wh ho os se e 用用来来指指人人或或物物， ( (只只用用作作定定语语 , , 若若指指物物，它它还还可可以以同同 o of f w wh hi ic ch h 互互换换） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家 都跑过去帮忙。 (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的 书。 3 3、 w wh hi ic ch h, , t th ha at t 它它们们所所代代替替的的先先行行词词是是事事物物的的名名词词或或代代词词，在在从从句句中中可可作作主主语语、宾宾语语等等，例例 如如： (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the country side. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（ which / that 在句中作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你 拿的包快散了。 (which / that 在句中作宾语） （一一） 限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 一一、关关系系代代词词（ 在在句句中中作作主主语语、宾宾语语或或定定语语 ） 1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人， which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在 从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词， which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。 eg：this is the book （which）you want。 2 而且，如果 which 在从句中作 “不及物动词介词 ”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而 且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that 而不用 which，这些词包括当先行 词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, som e, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等，这时的 that 常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词 最高级修饰时 ,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时 .以及先行词中既有人又有物时 .还有句中前面有 w hich 时,都只能用 that 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注 意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可 以修饰人和物 , 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 , 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二二、关关系系副副词词（在在句句中中作作状状语语） 关系副词 =介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配 ) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配 ) 1. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用 w hen 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that 引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I st ill remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he bring s a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anyth ing, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 （二二）非非限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗逗 号号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例 如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退 休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房 子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我 已经读了三遍。 3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第 三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住 我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就 叫做蒸发。 4. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why 和关系代词 that，而用 who, whom 代表人 ，用 which,whose 代表事物 .； （三三）关关系系代代词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 1 1. .w wh ho o 指指人人在在从从句句中中做做主主语语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班 的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人 . 2 2. . w wh ho om m 指指人人，在在定定语语从从句句中中充充当当宾宾语语，常常省省略略。（注注：w wh ho o 和和 w wh ho om m 已已无无太太大大区区别别，基基本本可可 以以通通用用。唯唯一一区区别别是是 w wh ho o 可可以以做做主主语语而而 w wh ho om m 不不可可以以。） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车 上和你聊天的那个人 . (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩 . (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋 友. 注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语 ,就用 whom 或 who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就 是那个和我聊天的男人 . 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他 就是那个有英语书的男人 . 3 3. .w wh hi ic ch h 指指物物，在在定定语语从从句句中中做做主主语语或或者者宾宾语语，做做宾宾语语时时可可省省略略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏 . (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔 . 4 4. . t th ha at t 指指人人时时，相相当当于于 w wh ho o 或或者者 w wh ho om m；指指物物时时，相相当当于于 w wh hi ic ch h。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises on e million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5 5. . w wh ho os se e 通通常常指指人人，也也可可指指物物，在在定定语语从从句句中中做做定定语语。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指物时，常用以下结构来 代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? （四四）注注意意 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词 +关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. = The school in which he once studied is very famous. (2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked ab out. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care o f 等 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正确) F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F错误) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用 whic h，不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3. “介词+关系代词 ”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cit ies. 关关系系代代词词 关系代词（一般情况下） that 可用 who ,whom 和 which 在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是 不能做介词的宾语。 which 指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语； who 在从句中作主语； whom 在从句中宾语； where 在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语； when 在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语； why 在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是 reason 有时 why 也可用 for+which 代替。 例：A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. _ _ _ _ 主语 谓语 先行词 从句 |_| 定语从句修饰先行词 （五五）关关系系副副词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由 “介词+关系代词 ”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. （六六）判判断断关关系系代代词词与与关关系系副副词词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的 误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、宾、定、状 )，也能正确选择出关系 代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案： 例 1 D，