1、第五单元 语法突破 语法知识精讲 Grammar定语从句() 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when 引导定语从句的用法 (1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如 time,day,year,month,week 等),且关系词在从句中做时间状语时,定语 从句用 when 引导。 (2)when 可以换成“介词+which”。 I still remember the time when(=in which) I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。 I have forgotten the exact date when(=on which) this country b
2、ecame independent.我忘记这个国家独立的 确切日期了。 特别提醒 当先行词是表示时间的名词时,既可以用 when 引导定语从句,也可以用 that 或 which 引导定语从句,关 键要看关系词在定语从句中做何种成分。 若关系词在定语从句中充当状语,则用 when 引导;若关系词在 定语从句中充当主语或宾语,则用 that 或 which 引导。 Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?你记得我们一起在农场度过的那些 日子吗?(that 或 which 做 spent 的宾语) Do y
3、ou remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子 吗?(when 在从句中做状语) 2.where 引导定语从句的用法 (1)当先行词是表示地点的名词(如 place,room,mountain,airport 等),且关系词在从句中做地点状语时,定 语从句用 where 引导。 (2)where 可以换成“介词+which”。 This is the hotel where(=in which) they stayed. 这就是他们住过的旅馆。 特别提醒 如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词(
4、如 state,condition,point,situation 等),且关系词在定语从句中做地 点状语,关系词用 where。 We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。 He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong.他陷入一种难以决定是非的境地。 当先行词为地点名词时,如果代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语,则用 that 或 which 引 导定语从句。 His father works
5、in a factory which/that makes radio parts.他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。 辨析比较where 引导的定语从句和状语从句 where 引导定语从句时,它是关系副词,在定语从句中做地点状语,其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此 时,where 可以换成“介词+ which”结构。 where 引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后或句中,不能位于句首。 Is there a shop around where(=in which) we can buy some fruit?附近有没有一个商店可以让我们在里面 买一些水果? where 引导状语从句时,whe
6、re 为从属连词。 where 引导的地点状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词,where 前面没有表示地点的名词。此时,where 不能换成“介词+which”结构。where 引导的地点状语从句可位 于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。 Where there is a will,there is a way.(谚)有志者,事竟成。 We should go where we are needed. 我们应该到需要我们的地方去。 3.why 引导定语从句的用法 (1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason,且关系词在从句中做原因状语时,定语从句用why引导,且只能引 导限制性定语从句。 (2)why 可以
7、用 for which 来代替。 This is the reason why(=for which) he left in a hurry.这就是他匆匆离去的原因。 特别提醒特别提醒 若代替先行词 reason 的关系词在定语从句中不做状语,而是充当主语或宾语,则用 that 或 which 引导定 语从句。 The reason that he told me yesterday is a lie. 昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。 二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.关系代词的选用 在此结构中,先行词指人时关系代词用 whom,不能用 who/that;先行词指物时关系代词用 whic
8、h,不能用 that。 This is the student for whom I bought a book. 这就是我给他买书的那个学生。 This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘的船。 2.介词的选用 (1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这就是你花高价买的车吗?(payfor sth.) In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom s
9、he could turn for help.在漆黑的街上,没有一个她 可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help) (2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。 He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied.他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with) (3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time?你还记得
10、我们第一次见面的那天吗?(on the day) Do you still remember the days during which we studied and laughed together?你还记得我们一起学习、一 起嬉笑的那些日子吗?(during the days) (4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样,定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介 词也不能构成固定搭配,这时,需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工
11、作了十年的那位 飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 3.“介词+关系代词”的特殊情况 (1)介词可以后移,此时关系代词可以省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。 This is the book for which you asked.这是你要的那本书。 This is the book (which/that) you asked for.这是你要的那本书。 特别提醒特别提醒 有些固定的动词短语一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。 Is this the book (which/that) she is lo
12、oking for? 这是她正在寻找的那本书吗? (2)在“介词+关系代词”结构中,若介词短语表示位置,则定语从句往往用倒装语序。常见的这类短语有 at the foot of,at the back of,in front of,on the top of 等。 They stayed in a big hotel,in front of which was a garden. 他们住在一家大旅馆里,旅馆前面是一个花园。 (3)“名词(代词、 数词)+介词 of+关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句 中一般做主语。其中“名词+介词 of+关系代词”有时可以用“wh
13、ose+名词”替换。 Her sons,both of whom work abroad,ring her up every week.她的两个儿子都在国外工作,他们每周都给她 打电话。 The building had been repaired,the roof of which(=whose roof) was destroyed again in a big fire.那幢楼房 曾经被修过,但在一场大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。 三、关系代词与关系副词的选用 定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用以下两种方式判断: 方法依据 根据从句的谓语 动词 是及物动词,后面若无宾语,用关系代词;
14、是不及物动词则用关系副词 根据先行词在从 句中所做的成分 把先行词放入定语从句中,若做主语或宾语用关系代词;做状语则用关系副词 This is the factory where he used to work. 这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work 是不及物动词) This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit 是及物动词) Is this the museum(that/which) you visited a few days ago? 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗?(从句缺少宾语)
15、Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗?(从句缺少地点状语) 四、有关定语从句的拓展特殊的定语从句 特 殊 的 定 语 从 句 有些定语从句和 先行词之间插入一 个短语或别的成 分,这种语言现象 称为分裂式定语从 句 带有插入语的定 语从句 where 做名词可 与 from 连用 no/never/not+先 行词+but(准关系 代 词)=thatnot=who not 没有不 I have an aunt in London,who never writes to me. He went to th
16、e UK in 1988,where he studied English literature. His head soon appeared out of one of the third storey windows,from where he could see what happened clearly. Not a single person among us but supports the plan(=who doesnt support the plan). Theres not a student in my class but would(=who would not)l
17、ike to learn a second foreign language. 语法知识专练 单句语法填空 1.Their child is at the stageshe can say individual words but not full sentences. 2.By opening a novel,I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world I am now a new character. 3.There are several reasonsschool unifo
18、rms are a good idea.First of all,uniforms help the school look smart. 4.They also had a small pondthey raised fish. 5.Self-driving is an areaChina and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 6.That is happening in the UK and Singapore,government-provided driverless vehicles are being la
19、unched. 7.Locatedthe Belt meets theRoad,Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. 8.Last year,I spent all my time looking for a job,without dealing with the public,I could work alone,but still have a team to talk to. 9.Many young people,most ofwere well-educated,headed for remo
20、te regions to chase their dreams. 10.The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes bywe see the world around us. 11.So,I was killing my time athome until June 2012I discovered the online computer courses of your training center. 12.Scientists have advanced many the
21、ories about why human beings cry tears,none ofhas been proved. 13.Creating an atmosphere inemployees feel part of a team is a big challenge. 14.He wrote many childrens books,nearly half ofwere published in the 1990s. 15.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the timehe should
22、 be ableto be independent. 参考答案 1.where句意:他们的孩子处于一个会说个别的词但不会说完整句子的阶段。 先行词 stage 意为“阶段”, 表示抽象地点,空处引导定语从句,在从句中做状语,故用 where。 2.where句意:打开一本小说,我能放下负担,进入一个美妙而又神秘的世界,在那里我是一个全新的人 物。分析句子结构可知,定语从句“I am now a new character”修饰先行词 world,空处在从句中 做地点状语,故用关系副词 where。 3.why分析句子结构可知,定语从句“school uniforms are a good id
23、ea”修饰先行词 reasons,且 空处在从句中做原因状语,故用关系副词 why。 4.where本句中定语从句的先行词是 pond,关系词在从句中做地点状语,故应用 where。 5.where分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词 an area,关系词在从句中做地点状语,因此 用 where,相当于 in which。 6.where定语从句“government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched”修饰“the UK andSingapore”,关系词在从句中做地点状语,故用 where。 7.where句意:江苏位
24、于“一带”和“一路”的交汇点,将对“一带一路”建设作出更多的贡献。 where 在此引 导地点状语从句。 8.where句意:去年,我把所有的时间用在找一份工作上,在这份工作中,我不需要与公众打交道,可以单 独工作,但仍然有一个团队可以交流。空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词 a job,且空处在从句中做地点状 语,因此用关系副词 where。 9.whom句意:许多年轻人,其中大多是受过良好教育的,去了偏远的地区追逐他们的梦想。先行词是 young people,指人,故此处用关系代词 whom 做介词 of 的宾语。 10.which句意:该研究表明,我们成长于其中的文化影响着我们审视周围世界的
25、基本过程。定语从句 “bywe see the world around us”修饰先行词 the basic processes,从句中缺少状语,by which 在从 句中做方式状语。 11.when句意:所以,我一直在家中消磨时光,直到2012年6月,那时我发现了你们培训中心的在线计算 机课程。空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词 June 2012,从句中缺少时间状语,故用 when 引导定语从句。 12.which句意:关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪,科学家们已经提出了很多理论,没有一个被证实。本 句含有定语从句,先行词是 theories,指物,定语从句由“代词+of+关系代词”引导。故填 which。 13.which句意:创造一种让雇员感觉自己是团队中的一部分的氛围是一个大的挑战。 本句含有一个定 语从句,先行词是 atmosphere,指物,关系词在介词 in 后做宾语,故填 which。 14.which本空前面有介词 of,这时,关系代词用 which,指物,指代前面的 books。 15.when句意:作为家里最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望他能够独立的时候。 本句含有定语从句,先行词 是 the time,定语从句中缺少时间状语,故用关系副词 when。
